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PSY 2301 > Ch 1-4 > Flashcards

Ch 1-4 Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

The belief that you “knew” the thing was going to happen despite not being able to guess it beforehand.

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2
Q

Peer Review

A

When the experts in your field review your research before you publish it.

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3
Q

Measures of central tendency

A

the mean median and mode

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4
Q

Which measure of central tendency is most sensitive to extreme scores

A

The mean

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5
Q

Replication in research

A

The process by which people take a research paper and see if they can recreate the same results

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6
Q

Psychology

A

Study of the mind and behavior. Explanation for life

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7
Q

Difference between values and facts

A

Values are personal statements, facts are objective statements determined through empirical study.

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8
Q

Three levels of explanation

A

Lower; biological. Middle; interpersonal. Higher; cultural and social

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9
Q

Challenges of studying psychology and which one did Freud explore

A

Predictions are only probabilistic, behavior is multiply determined, and much of human behavior is caused by factors outside or conscious awareness. Freud said many psychological disorders are caused by repressed memories.

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10
Q

Basic questions of psychology

A

Nature versus nurture, Free Will versus determination, conscious versus unconscious, accuracy versus inaccuracy, and differences versus similarities.

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11
Q

Schools of psychology

A

Structuralism, functionalism, psychodynamic, behaviorism, cognitive, social cultural.

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12
Q

Structuralism

A

Uses introspection to figure out the structures of psychological experience

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13
Q

Functionalism

A

Tries to understand why animals and humans have developed the particular psychological aspects that they currently possess

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14
Q

Psychodynamic

A

Focuses on the role of our unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories and our early childhood experiences in determining Behavior

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15
Q

Behaviorism

A

Based on the idea that it’s not possible to study the mind therefore psychologists should limit their attention to study only Behavior itself

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16
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

The study of mental processes, including perception, thinking, memory, and judgments.

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17
Q

Social-cultural

A

The study of how the social situations and the cultures in which people find themselves influence their thinking and behavior

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18
Q

Three types of descriptive research

A

Descriptive, correlational, and experimental

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19
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Research based on the observation of everyday events

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20
Q

Theory

A

A general, falsifiable idea as to why something is the way it is

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21
Q

Hypothesis

A

A specific and falsifiable prediction about the relationship between or among two or more variables

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22
Q

Physical and social sciences in terms of laws

A

There are many physical laws but only one law in psychology

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23
Q

Laws

A

A basic principle, generalization, or rule that holds true universally under particular conditions

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24
Q

Difference between a sample and a population

A

A sample is a small group or portion of a population that is meant to represent the population as a whole

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25
What do measures of central tendency tell us
The point around which the data is centered and how that data is dispersed or spread. It gives you the most common value.
26
Correlation coefficient
The most common statistical measure of the strength of linear relationships among variables
27
Scatter plot
A visual image of the relationship between two variables
28
Negative correlation
When the data on one variable goes up the other one goes down
29
Variable
A thing that can be measured
30
Operational definition
A precise statement of how a conceptual variable is turned into a measured variable
31
Independent variable
The thing that you change, that is believed to have an effect on the dependent variable
32
Dependent variable
The thing you are looking to change
33
Experimental research
To assess the causal impact of one or more experimental manipulations on a dependent variable, allowing the drawing of conclusions about the causal relationships among variables
34
Random assignments to conditions and experimental research
The attempt to make two or more research groups as average and as same as possible
35
Placebo
A fake medicine or sugar pill given to a subject believing they are getting a real thing
36
Double blind procedure
Where both neither the people taking part in an experiment or the people conducting the experiment know who's getting what
37
Reliability in research
How consistently a method measures something
38
Construct validity
The extent to which the variables used in the research adequately assess the conceptual variables they were designed to measure
39
Neuron
Fundamental unit of the nervous system
40
Neurotransmitter
Chemical used to communicate between neurons
41
Thalamus
Primary relay station for sensory information in the brain
42
Cerebral cortex
The outer squishy wrinkly gray area of the brain where all thinking processes happen
43
Lobes of the brain
Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
44
Frontal lobe
Responsible for thinking, planning, memory, and judgment
45
Parietal lobe
Responsible primarily for processing information about touch
46
Occipital lobe
Processes visual information
47
Temporal lobe
Responsible primarily for hearing and language
48
Neuroplasticity
The brain's ability to change its structure and function in response to experience or damage. Our brains are most plastic when we are young children.
49
Corpus callosum
The region that connects the two hemispheres of the brain together
50
Parasympathetic nervous system
The part of the autonomic nervous system designed to calm the body by slowing the heart and breathing and by allowing the body to recover from activities the sympathetic nervous system causes.
51
Sympathetic nervous system
The part of the autonomic nervous system involved in preparing the body for behavior, particularly in response to stress, by activating the organs and the glands in the endocrine system.
52
Difference between sensation and perception
Sensation is awareness resulting from the stimulation of a sense organ. Perception is the organization and interpretation of sensation.
53
Absolute threshold
The intensity of the stimulus that allows an organism to just barely detect it
54
Subliminal stimuli
Events that occur below the absolute threshold and of which we are not conscious.
55
Relationship between the electromagnetic spectrum and visible light
The electromagnetic spectrum is all the frequencies of light. Visible light is the very small section that we can detect with our own eyes.
56
Gestalt principles
The principal that when you look at a piece of something or an incomplete part of something, your brain is going to fill it in to make a hole. Figure and ground, similarity, proximity, continuity, and closure.
57
What did the 'visual cliff' studies of depth perception teach us?
Very young children who cannot get crawl are afraid of heights, and depth perception is a learned thing.
58
How many basic types of tastes do we have?
Six. Sweet, salty, sour, bitter, piquancy or spicy, and unami or savory.
59
Proprioception
Our sense of body position and movement
60
Selective attention
The ability to focus on some sensory inputs while tuning out others
61
Ponzo and Mueller-Lyer
Illusions caused by a failure of the monocular depth cues of linear perspective.

PSY 2301 (5 decks)

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