Ch. 5-8 Flashcards
(56 cards)
Flashbulb memory
A vivid and emotional memory of an unusual event that people believe they remember very well
Functional fixedness
When people’s schemas prevent them from using an object in new and non-traditional ways
Ebbinghaus’s research
Memory decays rapidly at first, but the amount of decay levels off with time
Chunking
The process of organizing information into smaller groupings, thereby increasing the number of items that can be held in short-term memory
Short-term memory
The place where small amounts of information can be temporarily kept for more than a few seconds but for usually less than one minute
Difference between recall memory and recognition memory
Recall memory is memory from information that has previously been remembered, recognition memory is information that has been seen or learned before
Types of memory
Explicit memory and implicit memory
Stages of memory
Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
Processes of memory
Encoding, storage, and retrieval
Latent learning
learning that is not reinforced and not demonstrated until there is motivation to do so
Types of learning
Conditioning, insight, observational learning, latent learning
How did Bandura’s “Bobo Doll” experiment prove the existence of observational learning?
It demonstrated that these children had learned new behaviors, simply by observing and imitating others
Operant conditioning
Learning that occurs based on the consequences of behavior
Difference between classical and operant conditioning
Classical conditioning is with new stimuli built on top of biological responses, operant conditioning is based on consequences for behavior
Stimulus discrimination
The tendency to respond differently to stimuli that are similar but not identical
Stimulus generalization
The tendency to respond to stimuli that resemble the original conditioned stimulus
Classical conditioning
Learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that naturally produces a behavior
Crystallized intelligence
General knowledge about the world, as reflected in semantic knowledge, vocabulary, and language. Old people are better at it.
Fluid intelligence
The ability to think and acquire information quickly and abstractly. Young people are better at it
Four styles of parenting
Authoritarian parents: demanding but not responsive. Permissive parents: make few demands and give little punishment. Authoritative parents: demanding but responsive. Rejecting neglecting parents: undemanding and unresponsive.
Kohlberg’s stages of moral development
Preconventional morality, conventional morality, post conventional morality
Preconventional morality
Punishment is avoided and rewards are sought
Conventional morality
Able to value the good that can be derived from holding to social norms in the form of laws or less formalized rules
Post conventional morality
Moral behavior is based on self chosen ethical principles that are generally comprehensive and universal, such as justice, dignity, and equality
