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PSY 2301 > Ch 12-14 > Flashcards

Ch 12-14 Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

Personality

A

An individual’s consistent patterns of feeling, thinking, and behaving

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2
Q

Trait

A

Relatively enduring characteristics that influence our behavior across many situations

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3
Q

Big 5 personality traits

A

OCEAN: agreeableness, consciousness, extraversion, neuroticism, and openness to experience

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4
Q

Barnum effect

A

The observation that people tend to believe in descriptions of their personality that supposedly are descriptive of them but could, in fact, describe almost anyone

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5
Q

Freud’s three components to psyche/personality

A

Id, superego, ego

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6
Q

Id

A

The component of personality that forms the basis of our most primitive impulses

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7
Q

Superego

A

Our sense of morality and thoughts

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8
Q

Ego

A

Largely conscious controller or decision maker of personality

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9
Q

Freudian theory defense mechanism

A

Unconscious psychological strategies used to cope with anxiety and to maintain a positive self-image

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10
Q

Stages of psychosexual development

A

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

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11
Q

Difference between neo Freudian thought and Freudian thought

A

Emphasis unconscious and early experience in shaping personality, less evidence on sexuality playing a role, and overall more optimistic

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12
Q

Most optimistic view of human nature approach to personality

A

Humanists

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13
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

Only when people are able to meet the lower level needs are they able to move on to achieve the higher levels with self-actualization at the top

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14
Q

Monozygotic and dizygotic

A

One fertilized egg and two fertilized egg; identical or fraternal twins

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15
Q

What do shared environment, non-shared environment, and hereditability refer to?

A

The influence of nature versus nurture. Non shared environment has most influence

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16
Q

Components of the biopsychosocial model of mental illness

A

A way of understanding disorder that assumes that disorder is caused by biological, psychological, and social factors

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17
Q

Psychological disorder

A

An ongoing dysfunctional pattern of thoughts, emotion, and behavior that causes significant distress, and that is considered deviant in that person’s culture or society

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18
Q

DSM

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. A document that provides a common language and standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders

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19
Q

How is the DSM organized

A

It’s organized into categories and each category has all the disorders that have something in common. For example all the disorders in the depressive disorders category all relate somehow to the experience of depression.

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20
Q

Two things ADHD and autism spectrum disorder have in common

A

The dramatic increase in overdiagnosis and the controversy over that increase

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21
Q

Anxiety

A

The nervousness or agitation that we sometimes experience, often about something that is going to happen

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22
Q

Phobia

A

A specific fear of a certain object, situation, or activity

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23
Q

Obsessions and compulsions in Obsessive-compulsive disorder

A

Obsessions are repetitive thoughts, compulsions are repetitive behaviors

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24
Q

Men versus women depression diagnoses

A

Women get diagnosed two times more than men

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25
Dysthymia
A condition characterized by mild, but chronic, depressive symptoms that last for at least two years
26
Bipolar disorder
a psychological disorder characterized by swings and mood from overly "high" (manic) to sad and hopeless, and back again, with periods of near normal in between
27
Psychosis
A psychological condition characterized by a loss of contact with reality
28
Delusions
False beliefs not commonly shared by others within one's culture, and maintained even though they are obviously out of touch with reality e.g. delusions of grandeur
29
Hallucinations
Imaginary sensations that occur in the absence of a real stimulus or which are gross distortions of a real stimulus
30
The clusters of personality disorders
Cluster A - odd/eccentric, cluster B - dramatic/erratic, cluster C - anxious/inhibited
31
Narcissistic personality disorder
Inflated sense of self-importance, absorbed by fantasies of self and success
32
Of the cluster b personality disorders which one is more common in men and which one more common in women?
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) for women, antisocial personality disorder (APD) for men
33
Munchausen syndrome
Patient has a lifelong pattern of successive hospitalizations for faked symptoms
34
Malingering
Involves fabricating the symptoms of mental or physical disorder to gain financial reward
35
Steps of psychological treatment
Psychological assessment then medical assessment then diagnosis then selection of course of treatment
36
Biomedical treatments
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), medications, and psychosurgery
37
Difference between a psychiatrist and a psychologist
Psychiatrists have a medical degree and can prescribe drugs, psychologists tend to spend more time with the patient, talking
38
What does a psychodynamic therapist ask about?
Unconscious conflict, relationship with parents
39
How do you psychoanalyst attempt to access the unconscious?
Through dreams
40
Transference in psychoanalysis
Unconscious redirected feelings experienced in an important personal relationship towards the therapist
41
Unconditional positive regard
Valuing the client without any qualifications, displaying an accepting attitude towards whatever the client is feeling at the moment
42
Maslow's ultimate aim of therapy
To have the motivation to live up to one's full potential
43
Cognitive and behavioral components of cognitive-behavioral therapy
Negative thoughts lead to negative feelings, which contribute to negative behaviors. When people see the negative behavior, negative thoughts are reinforced leading to a feedback loop. Thoughts create feelings. Feelings create behavior. Behavior reinforces thoughts
44
Three benefits of group therapy
Provides a safe place, is cheaper, and allows people to help each other (social support)
45
Three intervention levels of community Mental health
Primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention
46
Primary prevention
Prevention in which all members of the community receive treatment
47
Secondary prevention
More limited and focuses on people who are most likely to need it
48
Tertiary prevention
Treatment, such as psychotherapy or biomedical therapy, that focuses on people already diagnosed with a disorder
49
Goal of outcome research
Studies that assess the effectiveness of medical treatments to determine the effectiveness of different therapies
50
Three things that interfere with outcome research
Placebo effects, nonspecific treatment effects, and natural improvement
51
Placebo effects
Improvements that occur as a result of the expectation that one will get better rather than from the actual effects of a treatment
52
Nonspecific treatment effects
Occur when the patient gets better over time simply by going to therapy, type of therapy does not matter
53
Natural improvement
Possibility that people might get better over time, even without treatment
54
What is the statistical measure of the effectiveness of psychological treatment?
Effect size
55
Empirically supported therapy
Therapy that is known to be effective
56
Which is more important: type of therapy or nonspecific treatment effects?
Nonspecific treatment effects
57
Drawbacks to psychotropic medications
Old people who are more sensitive to drugs, and drug interactions, are more likely because older patients tend to take a variety of different drugs every day. They are also more likely to forget to take them, take too many, take too few, or mix them up due to poor eyesight or faulty memory.
58
Strength of psychodynamic approach
To help the patient develop insight, or an understanding of the unconscious causes of the disorder
59
Strength of a humanistic approach
Due to active listening and reflection of feelings, humanistic approach works well for those suffering from general anxiety or mood disorders. Also works well for those who desire to feel better about themselves overall.
60
Strength of behavioral approach to therapy
Uses operant conditioning to help those who lack in social or personal skills. Also assists with overcoming fears. Deals with the problem at hand, rather than any underlying conditions
61
Strength of cognitive approach to therapy
Helps patients develop new, and healthier ways of thinking about themselves and about the others around them.

PSY 2301 (5 decks)

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