Ch. 1 - 7 review Flashcards by Guy DaWalt

Each skeletal muscle contains _______ tissue, __________ tissue, _______ and ______ ______.

muscle tissue
connective tissue
nerves
blood vessels

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sliding-filament theory - resting phase (calcium? tension?)

No calcium present

No tension

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sliding-filament theory - Excitation-contraction coupling phase (calcium? actin/myosin? cross bridges?)

Calcium released
Binding of Actin and Myosin
Cross Bridges Flex

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sliding-filament theory - contraction phase (myosin?)

Myosin detaches and re-cocks

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sliding-filament theory - Recharge phase (myosin)

Re-activation of myosin head by ATP

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sliding-filament theory - Relaxation phase (calcium)

Calcium pumped back into sarcoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Arrival of the action potential at the nerve terminal causes the release of __________.

Acetylcholine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Once a sufficient amount of acetylcholine is released, and _______ ________ is generated across the ___________, and the ______ contracts.

Once a sufficient amount of acetylcholine is released, and ACTION POTENTIAL is generated across the SARCOLEMMA, and the FIBER contracts.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The extent of control of a muscle depends on the number of _______ _______ within each ______ _____.

The extent of control of a muscle depends on the number of MUSCLE FIBERS within each MOTOR UNIT.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

muscles that function with great precision may have as few as ___ muscle fiber(s) per ______ _____.

ONE muscle fiber per motor unit.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

muscles that require less precision may have several _________ fibers for one motor unit.

several HUNDRED fibers for one motor unit.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

All-Or-None Principle

ALL of the muscle fibers in the motor unit contract and develop force at the same time.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Muscle fiber type I (slow or fast)

Slow-Twitch

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Muscle fiber type II (slow or fast)

Fast-Twitch

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Motor units are composed of muscle fibers with specific ___________ and ____________ characteristics that determine their functional capacity.

MORPHOLOGICAL and PHYSIOLOGICAL characteristics.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Force output can be varied through change in the ________ of activation of _______ ______ or _________ of activated ________ ______.

Force output can be varied through change in the FREQUENCY of activation of MOTOR UNITS or NUMBER of activated MOTOR UNITS.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How can athletes improve force production?

Recruit _______ ______ or _______ groups during an activity
Increase the ______-________ area of muscles involved
Use __________ during training to develop strength early in the range of motion

recruit LARGE MUSCLES or MUSCLE GROUPS during activity
Increase the CROSS-SECTIONAL area of muscles involved in the desire activity
Use PRELOADING during training.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

____________ are specialized sensory receptors that provide the CNS with information needed to maintain muscle tone and perform complex coordinated movements.

Proprioceptors

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Information concerning kinesthetics sense, or conscious appreciation of the position of body parts with respect to gravity.
Processed at subconscious levels

Proprioception

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_______ ______ are proprioceptors that consist of several modified muscle fibers enclosed in a sheath of connective tissue.

Muscle Spindles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

______ _______ ______ (_ _ _) are proprioceptors located in tendons near the myotendinous junction.

Golgi Tendon Organs (GTO)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(nerve system through the heart) The strands that run along the ventricles.

Purkinje Fibers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

__________ transports oxygen and serves as an acid-base buffer.

Hemoglobin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

RBCs facilitate ________ _______ removal.

Carbon Dioxide

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The flow of energy in a biological system; the conversation of macronutrients into biological useable forms of energy.

Bioenergetics

The breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules; associated with the release of energy.

Catabolism

The synthesis of larger molecules from smaller molecules; can be accomplished using the energy released from catabolic reactions.

Anabolism

Energy-releasing reactions that are generally catabolic.

Exergonic Reactions

Require energy and include anabolic processes and the contraction of muscle.

Endergonic Reactions

The total of all the catabolic or exergonic and anabolic or endergonic reactions in a biological system.

Metabolism

Allows the transfer of energy from exergonic to endergonic reactions.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Cross-bridges attach to _____ during muscle action

Actin

_________ (substance) regulates muscle action.

Calcium

__________ (substance) acts at the neuromuscular junction to excite the muscle fibers of a motor unit

Acetylcholine

Which of the muscle fiber types is the MOST beneficial for a marathon runner?

Type I

When throwing a baseball, an athlete’s arm is rapidly stretched just prior to throwing the ball. Which of the following structures detects and responds to that stretch by reflexively increasing muscle activity?

Muscle Spindle

From which of the following is the heart’s electrical impulse normally initiated?

SA Node

Which of the following occurs during the QRS complex of a typical ECG?

Repolarization of atrium | Depolarization of ventricles

Which of the following is the ultimate source of energy for a muscular contraction?

ATP

Which of the following substances can be metabolized anaerobically?

Carbohydrate

The predominant energy system used during a training session depends primarily on the

Session Intensity

The production of lactic acid results from the activation of which of the following energy systems?

Fast Glycolysis

Which of the following energy systems has the highest rate of energy production?

Phosphagen

Approximately how many ATP are produced via the oxidative energy system from the deg- radation of one glucose molecule?

Which of the following energy systems is predominantly active at the initiation of all exercise?

Phosphagen

Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the rate-limiting step of glycolysis?

PFK

After a bout of resistance training, acute hor- monal secretions provide all of the following information to the body EXCEPT a. amount of physiological stress. b. metabolic demands of exercise. c. type of physiological stress. d. energy expended.

d. Energy Expended

``` Which of the following hormones enhance muscle tissue growth? I. growth hormone II. cortisol III. IGF-I IV. progesterone ```

I & III | growth hormone & IGF-I

All of the following are functions of growth hormone EXCEPT a. increase lipolysis. b. decrease collagen synthesis. c. increase amino acid transport. d. decrease glucose utilization.

b. decrease collagen synthesis

Which of the following hormones has the greatest influence on neural changes? a. growth hormone b. testosterone c. cortisol d. IGF

b. Testosterone

Which of the following hormone levels is higher in women than in men at rest? a. cortisol b. insulin c. testosterone d. growth hormone

d. Growth Hormone

What type of resistance training workout pro- motes the highest growth hormone increases following the exercise session? Rest Volume-Sets a. 30 seconds high-3 b. 30 seconds low-1 c. 3 minutes high-1 d. 3 minutes low-3

a. 30 second (rest), high-volume, 3 sets

Which of the following describes the knee joint?

Synovial

``` Which of the following is the definition of power? a. (mass) · (acceleration) b. (force) · (distance) c. (force) · (velocity) d. (torque) · (time) ```

c. (force) x (velocity)

To compare performances of Olympic weight- lifters of different body weights, the classic formula divides the load lifted by the athlete’s...

body weight to the 2/3 power.

During a free weight exercise, muscle force varies with which of the following? I. perpendicular distance from the weight to the body joint II. joint angle III. movement acceleration IV. movement velocity squared

I & III | perpendicular distance from the weight to the joint & movement acceleration

A vertical jump involves knee, hip, and shoulder movement primarily in which of the following anatomical planes?

Sagittal Plane

``` An athlete is performing a concentric isokinetic elbow flexion and extension exercise. Which of the following types of levers occur at the elbow during this exercise? I. first-class II. second-class III. third-class ```

``` I & III first and third class levers ```

Which of the following muscle fiber types has the GREATEST potential to, when trained in a specific way, CHANGE into a more aerobic or oxidative form? a. lla b. llx c. llc

b. llx

``` A weight lifter adds 30 minutes of intense (>75% V.O2 max) stationary bicycle riding every other day to her resistance training program. Which of the following describes the GREATEST effect this addition will have on her performance? a. power gains will be compromised b. power gains will be enhanced c. aerobic capacity improvements will be compromised d. aerobic capacity improvements will be enhanced ```

a. power gains will be compromised

A 50-year-old female triathlete is concerned about osteoporosis. Which of the following exercises is the MOST beneficial for improving her bone mineral density? a. front squat b. leg (knee) extension c. bench press d. lat pulldown

a. front squat

Which of the following muscle fiber types are “bypassed” as a result of selective recruitment that allows an Olympic weightlifter to generate maximum power during a 1RM snatch? a. I b. IIa c. IIx d. IIc

a. I

``` Which of the following are the MOST effec- tive stimulants of growth hormone production from a resistance training workout? I. large muscle mass exercises II. small muscle mass exercises III. high intensity and volume IV. low intensity and volume ```

I & III | large muscle mass exercises & high intensity and volume

The INITIAL decrease in muscular strength caused by detraining is due to undesired changes in which of the following systems? a. cardiovascular b. connective c. muscular d. nervous

d. nervous system

A 17-year-old high school cross-country runner has been training aerobically for six months in preparation for the upcoming season. Which of the following adaptations will occur in the muscles during that time? a. increased concentration of glycolytic enzymes b. hyperplasia of Type II fibers c. transformation from Type I to Type II fibers d. hypertrophy of Type I fibers

d. hypertrophy of Type I fibers

The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle during each beat is the a. cardiac output. b. a-–vO2 difference. c. heart rate. d. stroke volume.

d. stroke volume

All of the following normally increase during an aerobic exercise session EXCEPT a. end-diastolic volume. b. cardiac contractility. c. cardiac output. d. diastolic blood pressure.

d. diastolic blood pressure

The mean arterial pressure is defined as the a. average blood pressure throughout the cardiac cycle. b. average of the systolic and diastolic blood pressures. c. average systolic blood pressure during exercise. d. average of blood pressure and heart rate.

a. average blood pressure throughout the cardiac cycle

Primary training adaptations of elite aerobically-trained athletes include which of the following? I. increased maximal oxygen uptake II. decreased blood lactate concentration III. increased running economy IV. decreased capillary density

I, II and III increased maximal oxygen uptake decreased blood lactate concentration increased running economy

Which of the following is an early adaptation to acclimatizing to high altitude? a. decreased tidal volume b. decreased respiration rate c. increased resting cardiac output d. increased stroke volume

c. increased resting cardiac output

When males and females are compared relative to muscle cross-sectional area, it appears that the potential for force production is a. greater in males. b. greater in females. c. equal in males and females. d. dependent upon body weight.

c. equal in males and females

Which of the following is the MOST significant adaptation to chronic resistance training for an older adult? a. increased cardiovascular fitness b. improved blood lipid profile c. increased muscle mass d. improved flexibility

c. increased muscle mass

An eight-year-old boy dramatically increased his upper body strength after following a six- month resistance training program. Which of the following is MOST likely responsible for this gain? a. increased number of muscle fibers b. enhanced cross-sectional area c. greater muscle density d. improved neuromuscular functioning

d. improved neuromuscular functioning

Growth cartilage in children is located at all of the following locations EXCEPT the a. diaphysis. b. epiphyseal plate. c. joint surface. d. apophyseal insertion.

a. diaphysis

All of the following are likely outcomes of preadolescent resistance training EXCEPT increased a. resistance to injury. b. strength. c. hypertrophy. d. bone density.

c. hypertrophy

The condition characterized by a bone mineral density more than 2.5 SD below the young adult mean is called a. sarcopenia. b. osteopenia. c. osteoporosis. d. scoliosis.

c. osteoporosis

Which of the following should be evaluated FIRST when designing a training program for a 68-year-old competitive female tennis player? a. cardiovascular fitness b. lower body strength c. balance and agility d. medical history

d. medical history

Deconditioned female college athletes who participate in sports such as basketball and soccer appear to be at increased risk for devel- oping injuries to the a. back. b. knee. c. wrist. d. neck.

b. knee

Ch. 1 - 7 review Flashcards

(78 cards)