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Microbiology > Ch. 1: An Invisible World > Flashcards

Ch. 1: An Invisible World Flashcards

1
Q

Microorganisms (microbes) are

A

Very small organisms

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2
Q

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the scientific name for what microorganism?

A
  • yeast
  • makes beer, wine, bread, etc.
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3
Q

Trichuris trichiura is the scientific name for what microorganism?

A
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4
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi is the scientific name for what microorganism?

A
  • Lyme disease
  • infected Otzi the Iceman
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5
Q

Taxonomy

A

The classification, description, identification & naming of living organisms

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6
Q

Classification

A

The practice of organizing organisms into different groups based on shared characteristics

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7
Q

The miasma theory

A
  • mal’aria = bad air
  • believed by Ancient Greeks & Romans
  • disease attributed to bad air
  • ancient civilizations developed system to deal w/sewage
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8
Q

Piptoporus betulinus is the scientific name for what microorganism?

A
  • w/Otzi the Iceman’s belongings; believed he was treating health ailments with it
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9
Q

Mycobacterium leprae is the scientific name for what microorganism?

A
  • Leprosy
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10
Q

Hippocrates (460-370 BC) is considered what?

A
  • Father of Western medicine
  • believed disease had natural cause from patients or environment
  • dismissed theory that disease had supernatural cause
  • was a physician
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11
Q

Thucydides (460-395 BC) was considered what?

A
  • Father of Scientific History
  • advocated for evidence based analysis of cause & effect reasoning
  • made observation during Athenian plague that survivors didn’t get reinfected even when taking care of the sick, which showed understanding of concept of immunity
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12
Q

Marcus Terentius Varo (116-27 BC) was what?

A
  • 1st prolific Roman writer
  • 1st to propose concept that things we can’t see cause disease
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13
Q

Antone van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

A
  • Dutch cloth merchant
  • 1st to develop lens powerful enough to view microbes in 1675
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14
Q

Louis Pasteur

A
  • French chemist
  • showed individual microbe strains have different properties
  • demonstrated that fermentation is caused by microbes
  • invented pasteurization
  • developed vaccines for treatment of diseases such as rabies in animals & humans
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15
Q

pasteurization

A

a process used to kill microorganisms responsible for spoilage

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16
Q

Robert Koch

A
  • German physician
  • 1st to demonstrate connection between a single isolated microbe & a known human disease
  • discovered bacteria that causes anthrax, cholera, & tuberculosis
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17
Q

Anthrax is caused by what

A

Bacillus anthracis

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18
Q

Cholera is caused by what

A

Vibrio cholera

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19
Q

Tuberculosis is caused by what

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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20
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A
  • most famous taxonomist
  • Swedish botanist, zoologist, physician
  • used binomial nomenclature
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21
Q

Eukaryotes

A

organisms with membrane bound nuclei in cells

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22
Q

Prokaryotes

A

organisms without membrane bound nuclei in cells

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23
Q

Tree of Life timeline

A
  • Carolus Linnaeus: only animals & plants (1753)
  • Ernest Haeckel: added protists & monera (1866)
  • Robert Whittaker: added fungi (1969)
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24
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A
  • Archaea
  • Bacteria
  • Eukarya
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25
Q

What are the 4 domains in Eukarya?

A
  • Fungi
  • Protista
  • Plantae
  • Animalia
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26
Q

Modern taxonomy relies on what?

A

Comparing nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) or proteins

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27
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

when a gene of one species is absorbed into another organism’s genome

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28
Q

binomial nomenclature

A

2 word naming system for identifying organisms by genus & species

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29
Q

Haloquadratum walsbyi

A
  • archaeon
  • saltwater habitat
  • square cells
30
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A
  • gram positive bacterium
  • consists of clustered cocci cells
31
Q

The manuals used as standard references for identifying & classifying prokaryotes

A
  • Bergey’s Manual of Determinitive Bacteriology
  • Bergey’s Manual of Systemic Bacteriology
32
Q

Biochemical tests

A

used to ID chemicals unique to certain species

33
Q

serological test

A

used to ID specific antibodies that will react with proteins found in certain species

34
Q

DNA & RNA sequencing

A

can be used to ID a particular bacterial species & for classifying newly discovered species

35
Q

strains

A

within 1 species of microorganism there are different subtypes

36
Q

E. coli O157:H7

A
  • strain of E. coli
  • causes abd. cramps & diarrhea
  • originates from contaminated water or food (raw veggies, undercooked meat)
37
Q

size a microbe must be to be seen without microscope

A

100 micrometers

38
Q

size of bacterial cell

A

1 micrometer

39
Q

size of animal cell

A

10 micrometers

40
Q

acellular

A

not composed of cells

41
Q

bacteria

A
  • found in every habitat
  • cell walls made of peptidoglycan
    -determined by general shapes
42
Q

peptidoglycan

A

composes bacterial call walls

43
Q

types of bacteria shapes

A
  • spherical (coccus)
  • rod-shaped (bacillus)
  • curved (spirillum, spirochete, vibrio)
44
Q

spherical bacteria shape

A

coccus

45
Q

rod-shaped bacteria

A

bacillus

46
Q

curved bacteria shape

A
  • spirillum
  • spirochete
  • vibrio
47
Q

Archaea

A
  • unicellular
  • cell walls composed of pseudopeptidoglycan
  • found in nearly every habitat, even extreme environments
48
Q

pseudopeptidoglycan

A

composes archaea cell walls

49
Q

Protists

A

unicellular eukaryotes

50
Q

Algae

A
  • plant-like protists
  • unicellular or multicellular
  • photosynthetic
  • important part of many ecosystems
  • many consumer products contain ingredients from algae
51
Q

Agar

A

gel derived from algae, can be mixed w/various nutrients & used to grow microorganisms in a petri dish

52
Q

Protozoa

A

protists that make up backbone of food webs by providing nutrients for other organisms

53
Q

Giardia lamblia

A
  • intestinal protozoan parasite
  • infects humans & other mammals
  • causes severe diarrhea
54
Q

Fungi

A
  • not photosynthetic
  • cell walls made of chitin
55
Q

Candida albicans

A
  • unicellular fungus/yeast
  • causes vaginal yeast infection, oral thrush
  • eukaryotic organism
  • morphology similar to that of coccus bacteria1
56
Q

Molds

A
  • multicellular
  • made up of long filaments that form visible colonies
  • play critical role in decomposition of dead plants & animals
  • produce disease causing metabolites called mycotoxins
  • used to make penicillin
57
Q

chitin

A

composes fungi cell walls

58
Q

mycotoxins

A

produced by molds & cause disease

59
Q

penicillin

A
  • made using molds
  • most prescribed antibiotic
60
Q

helminths

A
  • multicellular parasitic worms
  • disease involves microscopic eggs & larvae
61
Q

Dracunculus medinensis

A
  • helminth
  • causes dizziness, vomiting, diarrhea, painful ulcers on legs & feet when worm exits skin
  • infection occurs after person drinks water containing fleas infected w/larvae
62
Q

viruses

A
  • acellular
  • consists of protein & genetic material (DNA or RNA)
  • inert outside of host organism
63
Q

Microbiology

A

broad term that encompasses study pf all different types of microorganisms

64
Q

Bacteriology

A

study of bacterium

65
Q

Mycology

A

study of fungi

66
Q

Protozoology

A

study of protozoa

67
Q

Parasitology

A

study of helminths & other parasites

68
Q

Virology

A

study of viruses

69
Q

Immunology

A

study of the immune system

70
Q

phylogenies

A

evolutionary relationships of different species of organisms on earth

71
Q

pathogens

A

cause disease in humans and other animals

Microbiology (30 decks)

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