Exam #1 Study Guide/Review Flashcards

Question

Theodor Schwann

Answer 1

1st concluded that both plants and animals were composed of cells. 2nd, these cells have independent lives. 3rd, these independent lives are subject to the organism's

Answer 2

published convincing evidence that cells are derived from other cells as a result of cell division

Answer 3

finding cells in bone and connective tissue and describing substances such as myelin

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best known for his descriptions of cell nuclei and of the continuous motion of minute particles in solution

Answer 5

proposed symbiogenesis, or endosymbiotic theory.

Answer 6

- established the fact that starch is both a source of stored energy for plants and a product of photosynthesis - showed that starch grains are formed within certain bodies of the cells of plants; he named these bodies chloroplasts.

Answer 7

argued that inherited variation, significant in evolution, does not come mainly from random mutations.

Answer 8

early proponent of germ theory of disease

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- noted that mothers who gave birth in hospital ward died of puerperal fever after childbirth w/10%-20% mortality rate - mothers in wards staffed w/midwives had 1% mortality rate - medical students handled dead tissues & pts w/out washing hands - recommended hand wash with chlorinated lime water before & after - mortality rate decreased to 1%

Answer 10

- conducted studies to track source of cholera outbreaks in London - represents 1st known epidemiological study that resulted in public response to epidemic

Answer 11

- attempted to determine cause of post surgical infections - began using carbolic acid (phenol) as disinfectant/antiseptic during surgery - created aseptic technique

Answer 12

- 1st to propose concept that things we can't see cause disease

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- Father of scientific history - evidence based analysis of cause & effect reasoning - made observation during Athenian plague that survivors didn’t get reinfected; immunity

Answer 14

- 1st to develop lens powerful enough to view microbes - was able to observe organisms he called “animalcules”

Answer 15

- Most famous early taxonomist - created categorization above kingdom level

Answer 16

- cofounded cell theory w/Theodor Schwann - defined cell as basic unit of plant structure

Answer 17

discovered filterable component smaller than bacterium that caused tobacco mosaic disease (TMD)

Answer 18

determined component found by Ivanovski was not a bacterium but more like a chemical

Answer 19

Curved rod

Answer 20

Long, loose, helical spiral

Answer 21

Single coccus

Answer 22

Pair of cocci

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Grouping of 4 cocci arranged in square

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Chain of cocci

Answer 25

Cluster of cocci

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Single rod

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Chain of rods

Answer 28

- maintains cell shape, protects cell interior, prevents cell from bursting - composed of peptidoglycan

Answer 29

- 70S ribosomes - composed of 30 S & 50S subunit

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- in vivo (in a whole living organism, plant, or animal) - in vitro (outside living organism in cells in an artificial environment) - cannot survive w/out host

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human whipworm

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causes Lyme disease

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- fungus - has laxative & antibiotic properties

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Bacteria that causes anthrax

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Bacteria that causes cholera

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Bacteria that causes tuberculosis

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Proposed kingdom Protista & kingdom Monera

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Proposed adding kingdom fungi

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- Genus describes salt water habitat & arrangement of its square cons - named after Anthony Edward Walsby

Answer 40

Causes leprosy

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- Helminth; guinea worm - causes dizziness, vomiting, diarrhea, ulcers in legs & feet where worm exits skin

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- Gram-positive bacterium that consists of clustered cocci cells - ability to evade antimicrobials, particularly methicillin

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- Causes abd. cramps & diarrhea - originates from contaminated water or food

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- intestinal protozoan parasite that infects humans & other mammals - causes severe diarrhea

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- unicellular fungus/yeast - causes vaginal yeast infections, order finish - morphology similar to coccus bacteria - eukaryotic organism

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- yeast - makes beer, wine, bread - fermentation yields ethanol & carbon dioxide

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earliest recorded scholars to articulate theory of spontaneous generation

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- believed theory of spontaneous generation - performed experiment with boiled both infused with plant or animal matter

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- Didn't agree with Needham’s conclusion - performed hundreds of experimentswith heated broth with sealed & unsealed flasks - concluded that "Life force" was killed during Needham’s experiment

Answer 50

a single circular chromosome located in a nucleoid

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small, circular, double stranded DNA molecules

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- lack membrane bound organelles - has cell membrane, chromosomal DNA in nucleoid, ribosomes, cell wall - some have flagella, pili, fimbriae, capsules, inclusions - nucleoid associated proteins (NAPs) help package DNA

Answer 53

- cytoplasmic structures - store excess nutrients, glycogen, starches - magnetosomes, metachromatic granules, gas vacuoles

Answer 54

- vegetative bacterial cell; dormant state when environmental conditions are unfavorable - survive long periods w/out food or water

Answer 55

- phospholipid bilayer embedded w/various proteins - glycoproteins (carbohydrate w/protein) - glycolipids (carbohydrate w/lipid)

Answer 56

- composed of long chains of alternating molecules of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) & N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

Answer 57

- external layer of mycolic acids in cell wall - stains that must stand up to acids used

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- organized firm layer located outside of cell wall - usually composed of polysaccharides or proteins

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- less tightly organized layer - loosely attached to cell wall and more easily washed off - may be composed of polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids

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- has enzyme called reverse transcriptase - reverse transcriptase makes complementary ssDNA (cDNA) copy using +ssRNA genome as template - ssDNA made into dsDNA - dsDNA integrates into host chromosome to form provirus - provirus remains and can cause chronic infection

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- cylindrical or rod shaped - genome fits just inside length of capsid - can be enveloped or naked

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- consist of nucleic acid surrounded by polyhedral capsid in form of icosahedron - icosahedral capsid is 3D, 20 sided structure w/12 vertices - can be enveloped or naked

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- example: bacteriophages - genome located w/in polyhedral head sheath connects to head to tail fibers & tail pins that help virus attach to receptors on host cell surface

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- latent viruses can remain latent or asymptomatic inside cell for extended periods - herpes simplex virus (oral & genital herpes) - varicella-zoster virus (chickenpox, shingles) - Epstein-Barr virus (mononucleosis)

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new virus particles formed from viral components, proteins, nucleic acids synthesized by host cell the virus is inhabiting

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- subviral particles; non-self-replicating ssRNAs - 220-388 nucleotides long - require helper virus like HBV -

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- discovered by Stanley Prusiner - proteinaceous infectious particles - PrPc + normal; PrPsc = not normal = prion - transmission occurs from animal to animal, animal to human, eating contaminated meat, heredity, contact with contaminated tissue - cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) - include kuru, mad cow disease, scrapie

Answer 68

capsid encloses genome of either DNA or RNA

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- surrounds viral genome - composed of protein subunits called capsomeres that are made of different protein subunits that interlock to form capsid

Answer 70

- proposed series of postulates based on idea that cause of specific disease could be attributed to specific organism - Koch & colleague found causes of anthrax, TB, & cholera

Answer 71

- Gram-positive cell wall is NAG, NAM, NAG, NAM, etc. cross linked by peptide bridges - consists of many layers of peptidoglycan 30-100nm in thickness - peptidoglycan layers embedded w/ teichoic acids (TAs) that extend thru layer

Answer 72

- Gram-negative cell wall is NAG, NAM, NAG, NAM, etc. w/direct link - thin layer of peptidoglycan ~4nm thick - gel-like matrix occupies periplasmic space between cell wall & plasma membrane - 2nd lipid bilayer external to peptidoglycan layer called outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - LPS composed of Lipid A, a core polysaccharide, an O side chain

Answer 73

- sugar coat with 2 different types - capsule & slime layer - allow cells to adhere to surfaces, aide in formation of biofilms

Answer 74

a bacterium w/a singular flagellum located at one end of the cell

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flagellum or tufts of flagella at each end of cell

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have tuft of flagella at one end of cell

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flagella cover entire surface of cell

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- outbreak in 2009 - spread across various continents

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early 2014 epidemic in western Africa

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- began 2019; pandemic - 4.5mil deaths worldwide - 640K deaths USA

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- inoculated pts with cowpox to prevent smallpox - technique he called vaccination

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viruses only infect certain type of host

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viruses only infect certain types of cells within tissues

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- attachement - penetration - biosynthesis - maturation - lysis

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- attachment - penetration - integrates into bacterial chromosome - becomes integrates prophage - lysogenic conversion (phage conversion) - change in host phenotype

Answer 86

- consist of only short strand of circular RNA capable of self replication - result in devastating losses of food crops

Exam #1 Study Guide/Review Flashcards

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