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Microbiology > Ch. 8: Microbial Metabolism > Flashcards

Ch. 8: Microbial Metabolism Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

metabolism

A

used to describe all of the chemical reactions inside a cell

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2
Q

the 2 metabolic pathways

A
  • anabolic
  • catabolic
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3
Q

anabolism

A

refers to endergonic reactions (require energy) involved in biosynthesis, converting simple molecular building blocks into more complex molecules

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4
Q

catabolism

A

refers to exergonic reactions (spontaneous & release energy) that break down complex molecules into simpler ones

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5
Q

chemotroph classifications

A
  • chemoautotrophs
  • chemoheterotrophs
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6
Q

phototroph classifications

A
  • photoautotrophs
  • photoheterotrophs
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7
Q

autotrophs

A

organisms that convert inorganic CO2 to organic carbon compounds

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8
Q

heterotrophs

A

rely on more complex organic compounds as nutrients that are initially provided by autotrophs

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9
Q

phototrophs

A

get energy from light for electron transfer

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10
Q

chemotrophs

A

obtain energy for electron transfer by breaking chemical bonds

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11
Q

the 2 types of chemotrophs

A
  • organotrophs
  • lithotroph
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12
Q

organotroph

A

chemotrophs that obtain energy from organic compounds
- example: humans, fungi

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13
Q

lithotroph

A

chemotrophs that get energy from inorganic compounds
- unique to micro world

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14
Q

chemoautotrophs

A
  • energy source: chemical
  • carbon source: inorganic
  • examples: hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, iron, & carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria
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15
Q

chemoheterotrophs

A
  • energy source: chemical
  • carbon source: organic compounds
  • examples: all animals, most fungi, protozoa, bacteria
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16
Q

photoautotrophs

A
  • energy source: light
  • carbon source: inorganic
    _ examples: all plants, algae, cyanobacteria, green & purple sulfur bacteria
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17
Q

photoheterotrophs

A
  • energy source: light
  • carbon source: organic compounds
  • examples: green & purple nonsulfur bacteria, heliobacteria
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18
Q

oxidation reactions

A

reactions that remove electrons from donor molecules, leaving them oxidized

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19
Q

reduction reactions

A

reactions that add electrons to acceptor molecules, leaving them reduced

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20
Q

redox reactions

A

oxidation & reduction occur together, name for the pair of reactions

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21
Q

electron carriers

A

molecules that bind to & shuttle high energy electrons between compound pathways

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22
Q

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)

A
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23
Q

nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)

A
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24
Q

flavine adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

A
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25
NAD+/NADH
26
ATP
energy currency of cell, used to fulfil any energy need of the cell
27
ADP
formed when 2nd phosphate added to AMP
28
high-energy phosphate bonds
bonds between phosphate groups
29
dephosphorylation
loss of a phosphate group; energy released to drive endergonic reactions
30
catalyst
a substance that helps speed up a chemical reaction
31
enzymes
proteins that serve as catalysts for biochemical reactions inside cells
32
activation energy
energy needed to form or break chemical bonds & convert reactants to products
33
substrates
chemical reactants to which an enzyme binds
34
active site
location within the enzyme where the substrate binds
35
induced fit
active site modification in presence of substrate along with simultaneous formation of the transition state
36
2 types of helper molecules
- cofactors - coenzymes
37
cofactors
inorganic ions such as iron & magnesium that help stabilize enzyme conformation & function
38
coenzymes
organic helper molecules that are required for enzyme action
39
apoenzyme
an enzyme lacking a necessary cofactor or coenzyme & is active
40
competitive inhibitor
molecule similar to a substrate; can compete with substrate for binding to the active site by blocking the substrate from binding
41
noncompetitive (allosteric) inhibitor
bind to enzyme at allosteric site; location other than active site
42
conformational change
reduces affinity of enzyme for substrate
43
feedback inhibition
involves use of a pathway product to regulate its own further production
44
glycolysis
most common pathway for the catabolism of glucose producing energy, reduced electron carriers, & precursor molecules for cellular metabolism
45
Krebs Cycle
occurs in cytoplasm of prokaryotes (mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotes)
46
oxidative phosphorylation
47
electron transport system (ETS)
last component involved in process of cellular respiration that comprises series of membrane associated protein complexes & associated mobile accessing electron carriers
48
aerobic respiration
final electron acceptor in ETS is an oxygen molecules (O2) that becomes reduced to water
49
anaerobic respiration
serves as possible alternative to aerobic respiration & uses an inorganic molecule other than oxygen as final electron acceptor
50
4 classes of electron carriers
- cytochromes - flavoproteins - iron sulfur proteins - quinones
51
proton motive force
52
chemiosmosis
flow of hydrogen ions across membrane
53
ATP synthase
membrane bound enzyme complex
54
2 types of fermentation
- lactic acid - alcohol
55
lactic acid fermentation
fermentation by some bacteria like those in yogurt other sourced products
56
homolactic fermentation
when lactic acid is the only fermentation product
57
heterolactic fermentation
produces mixture of lactic acid, ethanol, and/or acetic acid & CO2
58
alcohol fermentation
produces ethanol
59
photosynthesis
biochemical process by which phototrophic organisms convert solar energy into chemical energy
60
light dependent reactions
energy from sunlight is absorbed by pigment molecules in photosynthetic membranes & converted to stored chemical energy
61
light independent reactions
chemical energy produced by light dependent reactions is used to drive the assembly of sugar molecules using CO2
62
chloroplasts
where photosynthesis takes place in eukaryotes
63
thylakoids
stacked disk shaped photosynthetic structures
64
granum
stack of thylakoids
65
stroma
space surrounding granum
66
photosynthetic pigment
embedded in thylakoid membrane
67
photosystems
photosynthetic pigments within the photosynthetic membranes, comprised of light harvesting complex
68
light harvesting complex
consists of multiple proteins & associated pigments that each may absorb light energy & become excited
69
reaction center
contains pigment molecule that can undergo oxidation upon excitation, where an electron is given up; light energy then converted to excited electron
70
photophosporylation
example of oxidative phosphorylation; used to generate ATP by chemiosmosis
71
noncyclic photophosphorylation
72
cyclic photophosphorylation
if cells need ATP greater than need for NADPH, may bypass production of reducing power with this
73
calvin benson cycle
biochemical pathway used for fixation of CO2
74
3 stages of calvin benson cycle
fixation, reduction, regeneration
75
RuBisCO
enzyme said to be most plentiful enzyme on earth, composing 30%-50% of total soluble protein in plant chloroplasts

Microbiology (30 decks)

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