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Microbiology > Ch. 8: Microbial Metabolism > Flashcards

Ch. 8: Microbial Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

metabolism

A

used to describe all of the chemical reactions inside a cell

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2
Q

the 2 metabolic pathways

A
  • anabolic
  • catabolic
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3
Q

anabolism

A

refers to endergonic reactions (require energy) involved in biosynthesis, converting simple molecular building blocks into more complex molecules

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4
Q

catabolism

A

refers to exergonic reactions (spontaneous & release energy) that break down complex molecules into simpler ones

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5
Q

chemotroph classifications

A
  • chemoautotrophs
  • chemoheterotrophs
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6
Q

phototroph classifications

A
  • photoautotrophs
  • photoheterotrophs
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7
Q

autotrophs

A

organisms that convert inorganic CO2 to organic carbon compounds

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8
Q

heterotrophs

A

rely on more complex organic compounds as nutrients that are initially provided by autotrophs

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9
Q

phototrophs

A

get energy from light for electron transfer

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10
Q

chemotrophs

A

obtain energy for electron transfer by breaking chemical bonds

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11
Q

the 2 types of chemotrophs

A
  • organotrophs
  • lithotroph
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12
Q

organotroph

A

chemotrophs that obtain energy from organic compounds
- example: humans, fungi

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13
Q

lithotroph

A

chemotrophs that get energy from inorganic compounds
- unique to micro world

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14
Q

chemoautotrophs

A
  • energy source: chemical
  • carbon source: inorganic
  • examples: hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, iron, & carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria
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15
Q

chemoheterotrophs

A
  • energy source: chemical
  • carbon source: organic compounds
  • examples: all animals, most fungi, protozoa, bacteria
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16
Q

photoautotrophs

A
  • energy source: light
  • carbon source: inorganic
    _ examples: all plants, algae, cyanobacteria, green & purple sulfur bacteria
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17
Q

photoheterotrophs

A
  • energy source: light
  • carbon source: organic compounds
  • examples: green & purple nonsulfur bacteria, heliobacteria
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18
Q

oxidation reactions

A

reactions that remove electrons from donor molecules, leaving them oxidized

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19
Q

reduction reactions

A

reactions that add electrons to acceptor molecules, leaving them reduced

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20
Q

redox reactions

A

oxidation & reduction occur together, name for the pair of reactions

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21
Q

electron carriers

A

molecules that bind to & shuttle high energy electrons between compound pathways

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22
Q

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)

A
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23
Q

nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)

A
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24
Q

flavine adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

A
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25
Q

NAD+/NADH

A
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26
Q

ATP

A

energy currency of cell, used to fulfil any energy need of the cell

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27
Q

ADP

A

formed when 2nd phosphate added to AMP

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28
Q

high-energy phosphate bonds

A

bonds between phosphate groups

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29
Q

dephosphorylation

A

loss of a phosphate group; energy released to drive endergonic reactions

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30
Q

catalyst

A

a substance that helps speed up a chemical reaction

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31
Q

enzymes

A

proteins that serve as catalysts for biochemical reactions inside cells

32
Q

activation energy

A

energy needed to form or break chemical bonds & convert reactants to products

33
Q

substrates

A

chemical reactants to which an enzyme binds

34
Q

active site

A

location within the enzyme where the substrate binds

35
Q

induced fit

A

active site modification in presence of substrate along with simultaneous formation of the transition state

36
Q

2 types of helper molecules

A
  • cofactors
  • coenzymes
37
Q

cofactors

A

inorganic ions such as iron & magnesium that help stabilize enzyme conformation & function

38
Q

coenzymes

A

organic helper molecules that are required for enzyme action

39
Q

apoenzyme

A

an enzyme lacking a necessary cofactor or coenzyme & is active

40
Q

competitive inhibitor

A

molecule similar to a substrate; can compete with substrate for binding to the active site by blocking the substrate from binding

41
Q

noncompetitive (allosteric) inhibitor

A

bind to enzyme at allosteric site; location other than active site

42
Q

conformational change

A

reduces affinity of enzyme for substrate

43
Q

feedback inhibition

A

involves use of a pathway product to regulate its own further production

44
Q

glycolysis

A

most common pathway for the catabolism of glucose producing energy, reduced electron carriers, & precursor molecules for cellular metabolism

45
Q

Krebs Cycle

A

occurs in cytoplasm of prokaryotes (mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotes)

46
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A
47
Q

electron transport system (ETS)

A

last component involved in process of cellular respiration that comprises series of membrane associated protein complexes & associated mobile accessing electron carriers

48
Q

aerobic respiration

A

final electron acceptor in ETS is an oxygen molecules (O2) that becomes reduced to water

49
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

serves as possible alternative to aerobic respiration & uses an inorganic molecule other than oxygen as final electron acceptor

50
Q

4 classes of electron carriers

A
  • cytochromes
  • flavoproteins
  • iron sulfur proteins
  • quinones
51
Q

proton motive force

A
52
Q

chemiosmosis

A

flow of hydrogen ions across membrane

53
Q

ATP synthase

A

membrane bound enzyme complex

54
Q

2 types of fermentation

A
  • lactic acid
  • alcohol
55
Q

lactic acid fermentation

A

fermentation by some bacteria like those in yogurt other sourced products

56
Q

homolactic fermentation

A

when lactic acid is the only fermentation product

57
Q

heterolactic fermentation

A

produces mixture of lactic acid, ethanol, and/or acetic acid & CO2

58
Q

alcohol fermentation

A

produces ethanol

59
Q

photosynthesis

A

biochemical process by which phototrophic organisms convert solar energy into chemical energy

60
Q

light dependent reactions

A

energy from sunlight is absorbed by pigment molecules in photosynthetic membranes & converted to stored chemical energy

61
Q

light independent reactions

A

chemical energy produced by light dependent reactions is used to drive the assembly of sugar molecules using CO2

62
Q

chloroplasts

A

where photosynthesis takes place in eukaryotes

63
Q

thylakoids

A

stacked disk shaped photosynthetic structures

64
Q

granum

A

stack of thylakoids

65
Q

stroma

A

space surrounding granum

66
Q

photosynthetic pigment

A

embedded in thylakoid membrane

67
Q

photosystems

A

photosynthetic pigments within the photosynthetic membranes, comprised of light harvesting complex

68
Q

light harvesting complex

A

consists of multiple proteins & associated pigments that each may absorb light energy & become excited

69
Q

reaction center

A

contains pigment molecule that can undergo oxidation upon excitation, where an electron is given up; light energy then converted to excited electron

70
Q

photophosporylation

A

example of oxidative phosphorylation; used to generate ATP by chemiosmosis

71
Q

noncyclic photophosphorylation

A
72
Q

cyclic photophosphorylation

A

if cells need ATP greater than need for NADPH, may bypass production of reducing power with this

73
Q

calvin benson cycle

A

biochemical pathway used for fixation of CO2

74
Q

3 stages of calvin benson cycle

A

fixation, reduction, regeneration

75
Q

RuBisCO

A

enzyme said to be most plentiful enzyme on earth, composing 30%-50% of total soluble protein in plant chloroplasts

Microbiology (30 decks)

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