Ch. 1 Introduction Flashcards
Physiology
study of the function of body parts
Structural Organization: Chemical Level
atoms combine to make molecules
Cellular Level
molecules combine to form cells (structural & functional unit of organism), ex. nerve cell, muscle cell
Tissue Level
groups of cells and the material surrounding them that perform a specific function
Four types of tissue
Epithelial tissue: covers the body surface and the line body cavities
ex. inner lining of the digestive system
Connective: support, connect and interconnects body parts and organs
ex. bone, cartilage
Muscular: attachment and movement
ex. cardiac, smooth, skeletal
Nervous: generates nerve impulses for internal communication
ex. CNS and PNS
Organ Level
Different types of tissue are joined together to perform specific functions
ex. heart, stomach, liver
System Level
consists of related organs with a common function
ex. digestive system
Organismal Level
Any living individual, all the parts of the body functioning together (11 organ systems)
Skeletal System
206 bones
Components: bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages
Function: supports and protects the body;
provides a surface area for muscle attachments;
aids body movement;
houses cells that produce blood cells;
stores minerals and lipids
Muscular System
Components: skeletal muscle tissue, muscle usually attached to bones, smooth and cardiac muscle
Functions: participates in bringing about body movements, maintaining posture and produces heat
Cardiovascular System
Component: Heart, blood, and blood vessels
Function: Heart pumps blood through blood vessels, carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids; blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels
Lymphatic System
Component: Lymphatic fluid, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymes, and tonsils, cells that carry out immune responses (B cells)
Function: returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes
Nervous System
Components: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs
Function: Generates action potentials to regulate body activities; detects changes in the body’s internal and external environments, interprets the changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions
Endocrine System
Components: hormone-producing glands (pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes) and hormone-producing cells in several other organs
Function: regulates body activities by releasing hormones, which are chemical messengers transported in blood from an endocrine gland or tissue to a target organ
Respiratory System
Components: lungs and air passageways such as the pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and bronchial tubes within the lungs
Function: Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air; helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sound
Digestive System
Components: organs of gastrointestinal tract- a long tube that includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and anus; also salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
Function: Activates physical and chemical breakdown of food, eliminates solid wastes; absorbs nutrients
Urnuary System
Components: kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder, Urethra
Function: produces, stores and eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids; maintain’s body’s mineral balance; helps regulate production of red blood cells
Reproductive System
Components: Gonads (testes and ovaries), and associated organs (uterus, fallopian tubes, uterine tube, and vagina in female and epididymis, seminal vesicles, prostate, ductus deferences, and penis in male)
Function: gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism, gonad also release hormones
Anatomy
study of the structure and the relationship amoung structures
Integumentary System
Components: skin, and structures associated with it, such as hair, fingernails, and toenails, sweat glands, and oil glands and the subcutaneous layer
Function: Protects the body; helps regulate body temperature; eliminates wastes; helps make vitamin D; and detects sensations; stores fat and provides insultation
Six characteristics that set living from nonliving
Metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction
Anatomical Poistion
is a standard of reference for the description of anatomical structures, stands erect facing the observer with the head level and the eyes facing directly forward. lower limbs are parallel and upper limbs are at the sides with the palms facing forward
Prone position
lying face down
Supine position
body is lying face up
