Ch 1 (Midterm 1)

Question 1

What are the four major types of tissues?

Answer 1

epithelial, muscular, neural, and connective tissues

Question 2

What are the general functions of epithelial tissue?

Answer 2

selective secretion and absorption of ions and organic molecules and for protection

Question 3

Where are epithelial tissues located?

Answer 3

surfaces that cover the body or organs, line inner surfaces of the tubular and hollow structures within the body

Question 4

What are the general functions of muscular tissue?

Answer 4

generate mechanical force

Question 5

Where are muscular tissue located?

Answer 5

skeletal=bones/skin | cardiac and smooth=heart and tubal structures like digestive tract and blood vessels

Question 6

What are the general functions of neural tissue?

Answer 6

to initiate, integrate, and conduct electrical signals to other cells and provide a means of controlling the activities of other cells

Question 7

Where are neural tissue located?

Answer 7

found in the nervous system

Question 8

What are the general functions of connective tissue?

Answer 8

connect, anchor, and support the structures of the body and form extracellular matrix

Question 9

Where are connective tissues located?

Answer 9

throughout the body depending on the kind of connective tissue

Question 10

What is loose connective tissue?

Answer 10

connective tissues found in loose meshwork of cells and fiber underlying epithelial tissue

Question 11

What is dense connective tissue?

Answer 11

tough rigid tissue making up tendons and ligaments

Question 12

What is the extracellular matrix?

Answer 12

the environment that surrounds the cells in the body including the extracellular fluid

Question 13

Other than loose and dense connective tissue, what other ones are there?

Answer 13

bone, cartilage, adipose, and blood

Question 14

Functions of the extracellular matrix?

Answer 14

provides a scaffold for cellular attachments and transmits chemical messengers (info) to cells to regulate them

Question 15

What does the extracellular fluid of the matrix composed of?

Answer 15

proteins, carbohydrates, elastin and collagen fibers

Question 16

What ions and relative amounts of it are in the extracellular fluid?

Answer 16

100+ of Na & Cl || 5> of Ca and K

Question 17

What ions and relative amounts of it are in the intracellular fluid?

Answer 17

100+ K || 10< Na/Cl || 1> Ca

Question 18

What is plasma?

Answer 18

extracellular fluid that is the fluid portion of the blood

Question 19

What is interstitial fluid?

Answer 19

fluid that makes up most of the extracellular fluid

Question 20

What is intracellular fluid?

Answer 20

fluid within all cells in the body, makes up most of the fluid in the body

Question 21

What is the intracellular fluid composed of?

Answer 21

proteins that are important for regulating cellular events like growth and metabolism

Question 22

What is homeostasis?

Answer 22

the maintenance of the internal environment

Question 23

How is homeostasis maintained?

Answer 23

sensors detect changes from set point > system processes/integrates sensory input > send out appropriate signals > signals trigger effector systems to go back to set point

Question 24

Is homeostasis a simple process?

Answer 24

it is a dynamic process

Question 25

How do we measure changes (sensory input) and correct for them in homeostasis?

Answer 25

integrating center will receive those messages and send output signals to correct for them

Question 26

What is homeostatic controls system

Answer 26

mechanisms that mediate responses to change the internal environment to maintain homeostasis; includes positive and negative feedback

Question 27

What is an integrating center?

Answer 27

receives sensory input and initiates response to maintain homeoestasis

Question 28

What is positive feedback?

Answer 28

amplification of an effect by its own influence to reinforce its process

Question 29

What is negative feedback?

Answer 29

when the system's response reverses a process

Question 30

What is equilibrium in terms of homeostasis?

Answer 30

energy is not required to maintain the constancy, no change in a particular variable

Question 31

What is a steady state in terms of homeostasis?

Answer 31

energy input is needed to maintain constancy to achieve no change in a particular variable

Question 32

What is a set point in terms of homeostasis?

Answer 32

the steady state value maintained by the homeostatic control system

Question 33

What is the integrator part of the integrating center?

Answer 33

the brain region that compares the actual value of a variable (ie: body temp) to its set point

Question 34

What is a reflex arc?

Answer 34

neural/hormonal components in the pathway that mediate a reflex

Question 35

What is efferent?

Answer 35

component of reflex arc that moves info from integrating center > effector

Question 36

What is afferent?

Answer 36

component of reflex arc that moves info from receptor > integrating center

Question 37

What links the efferent and afferent branches of the reflex arc?

Answer 37

integrating center (the brain)

Question 38

What is simple diffusion?

Answer 38

movement of molecules from one location to another based on random thermal motion

Question 39

What is facilitated diffusion?

Answer 39

uses a transporter channel to move larger molecules down its concentration gradient

Question 40

What is primary active transport?

Answer 40

active transport (against concentration gradient) via ATPases, ex: Na/K ATPase

Question 41

What is secondary active transport?

Answer 41

moving ion down its electrochemical gradient coupled with transporting a large molecule against its concentration gradient

Question 42

What is the function of simple diffusion?

Answer 42

help maintain homeostasis

Question 43

What is the function of facilitated diffusion?

Answer 43

to move larger molecules down its concentration gradient across a plasma membrane

Question 44

What is the function of primary active diffusion?

Answer 44

(Na/K ATPase) establish/maintain extracellular/intracellular concentrations of Na (extracellular) and K (intracellular)

Question 45

What is the function of secondary active diffusion?

Answer 45

to move a large molecule (ie: proteins) against its concentration gradient)

Question 46

What are the three ion gated channels?

Answer 46

ligand, voltage, and leak

Question 47

Where are ligand-ion channels located?

Answer 47

dendrites and cell body of neurons

Question 48

Where are voltage-ion channels located?

Answer 48

axon and synapse

Question 49

Where are leak channels located?

Answer 49

dendrites, cell body, and axon

Question 50

What is the function of ligand-ion gated channels?

Answer 50

responsible for synaptic potentials, incoming messages to the neuron

Question 51

How do ion channels discriminate between ions?

Answer 51

the charge and size of ion and how much water it attracts

Question 52

What is the function of voltage-ion gated channels?

Answer 52

directionally propagate electrical signals

Question 53

What is the function of leak-ion channels?

Answer 53

responsible for resting membrane potential