Chapter 13 (Midterm 2)

Question 1

What are the upper airways (that including those in the neck and head)

Answer 1

nasal and oral cavities, pharynx, larynx, glottis, epiglottis,

Question 2

What is the pharynx?

Answer 2

passage for air and food

Question 3

What is the larynx?

Answer 3

passage for air

Question 4

What is the glottis?

Answer 4

opening of the larynx

Question 5

What is the epiglottis?

Answer 5

flap that prevents food from entering the glottis

Question 6

Where are vocal chords located?

Answer 6

in the larynx

Question 7

What does the thoracic cavity consist of?

Answer 7

lung, pleural sac, diaphragm

Question 8

What are pleural sacs?

Answer 8

like a fluid-filled balloon wrapped around the lungs

Question 9

What is the trachea?

Answer 9

a long tube the larynx opens into

Question 10

What are the bronchi?

Answer 10

the two bronchi the trachea branched into

Question 11

What do the bronchi branch out as?

Answer 11

bronchioles

Question 12

What do the bronchioles branch out as?

Answer 12

terminal bronchioles

Question 13

What branches are part of the conducting zone?

Answer 13

trachea –> terminal bronchioles

Question 14

What branches are part of the respiratory zone?

Answer 14

respiratory bronchioles –> aveolar sacs

Question 15

What do the terminal bronchioles branch out as?

Answer 15

respiratory bronchioles

Question 16

What do the respiratory bronchioles branch out as?

Answer 16

alveolar ducts

Question 17

What do the alveolar ducts branch out as?

Answer 17

alveolar sacs

Question 18

What are alveoli?

Answer 18

air-filled sacs

Question 19

What is the function of alveoli?

Answer 19

sites of gas exchange with blood

Question 20

What are type I alveolar cells?

Answer 20

continuous layer of one-cell thick flat epithelial cells

Question 21

What are type II alveolar cells?

Answer 21

thicker specialized and interspersed cells

Question 22

What are the branches wrapped in?

Answer 22

smooth muscle (for contraction)

Question 23

What is the pleural sac filled with?

Answer 23

intrapleural fluid

Question 24

What is bulk flow?

Answer 24

the process of rapidly moving materials over a large distance using a pressure source (heart)

Question 25

What is intrapleural pressure (Pip)

Answer 25

the pressure in the pleural cavity that fluctuates with breathing

Question 26

What type of pressure must intrapleural pressure stay at?

Answer 26

always negative

Question 27

What may happen if fluid accumulates in the intrapleural cavity?

Answer 27

positive Pip pressure develops and lung may collapse

Question 28

What is transpulmonary pressure?

Answer 28

pressure that keeps lung spaces open and prevents lungs from collapsing

Question 29

What is the effect of a greater transpulmonary pressure?

Answer 29

larger lungs will be

Question 30

In what other cases will the lung collapse?

Answer 30

IF Pip = Patm; Pip = Ppul; +Pip

Question 31

What is minute ventilation?

Answer 31

total volume of air entering and leaving respiratory system per minute

Question 32

What does minute ventilation not tell you?

Answer 32

how much air entered the respiratory zone

Question 33

What is alveolar ventilation?

Answer 33

volume of air reaching the gas exchange areas per minute

Question 34

What is hypoventilation?

Answer 34

an increase in alveolar CO2 pressure, disease that prevents normal elimination of CO2

Question 35

What is hyperventilation?

Answer 35

decrease in alveolar CO2 pressure

Question 36

How is O2 transported?

Answer 36

through hemoglobin in RBCs

Question 37

How is CO2 transported?

Answer 37

as bicarbonate, can bind to Hb as dissolved CO2

Question 38

Is O2 dissolved?

Answer 38

yes

Question 39

Is CO2 dissolved?

Answer 39

not all of it

Question 40

Where can O2 be stored?

Answer 40

lungs and organs

Question 41

Where can CO2 be stored?

Answer 41

in capillaries as bicarbonate

Question 42

What is the role of carbonic anhydrase?

Answer 42

converts CO2 into bicarbonate and maintains blood pH

Question 43

How does the body deal with the additional acid produced?

Answer 43

deO2 Hb picks it up = HbH and it will combine with HCO3(2) to make H2O

Question 44

Which is more acidic? Venous or arterial blood?

Answer 44

venous

Question 45

What is respiratory acidosis and what is it caused by?

Answer 45

arterial [H+] increases as well as (P)CO2 due to hypoventilation

Question 46

What is respiratory alkalosis and what is it caused by?

Answer 46

significant decrease of [H+] and (P)CO2 due to hyperventilation

Question 47

What is ventilation?

Answer 47

the exchange of air between the atmosphere and alveoli

Question 48

How does hypoventilation affect alveolar ventilation?

Answer 48

amount of CO2 being produced is faster than the alveolar ventilation pace

Question 49

How does hyperventilation affect alveolar ventilation?

Answer 49

alveolar ventilation pace is faster than the amount of CO2 being produced

Question 50

What is the two components of the medullary respiratory center?

Answer 50

the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups

Question 51

What is the dorsal respiratory group?

Answer 51

neurons in the medulla that fire during inspiration

Question 52

What is the ventral respiratory group?

Answer 52

neurons in the medulla that fire during inspiration and also contain expiratory neurons

Question 53

What is the function of the medullary respiratory center?

Answer 53

controls the neural activity of the neurons in the respiratory muscles

Question 54

What is the function of the ventral respiratory group?

Answer 54

set basal respiratory rate, controls rhythm of ventilation

Question 55

When are expiratory neurons activated?

Answer 55

during exercise

Question 56

What does the ventral respiratory group consist of?

Answer 56

respiratory rhythm generator

Question 57

What is the pre-Bötzinger complex?

Answer 57

neurons where the respiratory rhythm generator is located

Question 58

What does the rhythm generator complex composed of?

Answer 58

pacemaker cells and complex neural network

Question 59

When would you need the expiratory neurons to work the most?

Answer 59

during large increases of ventilation such as during strenuous physical activity

Question 60

What is ramp? (in terms of inspiration)

Answer 60

the steady increase of the frequency of action potentials in quiet breathing

Question 61

What are the phrenic nerves?

Answer 61

main motor nerves innervating the diaphragm, providing the impulses to inspire

Question 62

What is vital capacity?

Answer 62

max volume of air a person can expire after a maximal inspiration

Question 63

What is the tidal volume?

Answer 63

volume of air entering lungs during a single inspiration

Question 64

What is the inspiratory reserve volume?

Answer 64

max amount of air that can be increased above tidal volume during deepest inspiration

Question 65

What is the expiratory reserve volume?

Answer 65

additional expired volume