ch. 10

Question 1

what is Excretion? What are the main organs that play in this system?

Answer 1

excretion is the disposal of waste products. the organs are the liver, colon, skin, and kidneys

Question 2

what is livers function in excretion?

Answer 2

The liver deals with hydrophobic and large waste that the kidney cant deal with. it also creates Urea and releases it into the blood stream and its excrete in urine.

Question 3

what is colons function in excretion?

Answer 3

the large intestines reabsorbs water and ions from feces. it can also excrete ions into feces uses active transport

Question 4

what is skins function in excretion?

Answer 4

the skin produces sweat that has water, ions, and urea, sweating isnt controlled by the amount of water we need to excrete but rather the temperature and symp NS

Question 5

what is kidneys function in excretion?

Answer 5

they are responsible for 1. excretion of hydrophilic wastes
2. the maintenance of constant solute concentration and pH
3. the maintenance of constant fluid volume important for cardiac volume and blood pressure

Question 6

how does the kidneys do what they do? (name the three things)

Answer 6

1. filtration
2. selective reabsorption
3. secretion (+ concentration & dilution)

Question 7

what occurs in filtration in the kidneys?

Answer 7

pressurized blood is passed through a filter so that cells and proteins stay in the blood but water and small molecules are squeezed into the renal tubule. the fluid is called filtrate and sent out as urine

Question 8

what is selective reabsorption in kidneys?

Answer 8

we take back useful items while leaving waste and some water in the tubule

Question 9

what is secretion in the kidneys?

Answer 9

we add substance to the filtrate. this secretion can increase rate in which we remove stuff from the blood and adding it to the filtrate to send out of the body. the last two steps is concentration and dilution of the filtrate.

Question 10

what are the last two steps of the kidneys?

Answer 10

the last two steps is concentration and dilution of the filtrate. this is selective reabsorption of last minute things we want back and if we have too much water, the dilute the urine. we is left in the tubule will be sent out.

Question 11

where does the blood enter the kidneys? where does it leave the kidneys?

Answer 11

blood enters the kidneys from a large renal artery that is part of the abdominal aorta. purified blood leaves the kidneys by the large renal vein and empties into the inferior vena cava.

Question 12

where does the urine leave the kidney? where does this lead into?

Answer 12

the urine leaves the kidneys through the ureter and goes to the urinary bladder

Question 13

what are the sphincters that control the release the urine from the bladder? define them?

Answer 13

we have the internal sphincter that is made of smooth muscle and involuntary. then we have the external sphincter made of skeletal muscle that is voluntary

Question 14

the outer region of the kidney is called? the inner region?

Answer 14

outer region is cortex and inner region is medulla

Question 15

in the medulla of the kidney, what is the pathway (structures) that it passes through part 1.

Answer 15

we have medullary pyramids that has alot of collecting ducts and leaves at the top of the medullary pyramids called papilla.

Question 16

in the medulla of the kidney, what is the pathway (structures) that it passes through part 2

Answer 16

after it leaves the papilla, it goes through the calyx and converge into the renal pelvis where the urine collects and goes to ureter

Question 17

the functional unit of the kindey and the two components (define it)

Answer 17

the functional unit is nephrons and made up of CAPSULE: a region surrounding the capillaries where filtration occurs and RENAL TUBULE: a tube that gets the filtrate and empties into a collecting duct and ends in renal pelvis

Question 18

what is anatomy of filtration?

Answer 18

we get blood from afferent arteriole that branches into a ball of capillaries known as GLOMERULUS. blood passed through the GLOMERULUS BASEMENT MEMBRANE (a filter) and enters BOWMANS CAPSULE that is the lumen of tubule

Question 19

what is anatomy of selective reabsorption?

Answer 19

useful molecules in the filtrate is picked up. most of reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT). last minute reabsorption also occurs further along the tubule called the distal convoluted tubule (DCT).

Question 20

what is anatomy of secretion?

Answer 20

most secretion occurs in the DCT but occurs throughout the tubule.

Question 21

concentration and dilution changes occurs where? what hormones affect this?

Answer 21

they occur in the distal nephron that includes the DCT and the collecting duct. this is controlled by ADH and aldosterone.

Question 22

what is mechanism of ADH

Answer 22

when you’re dehydrated, we reabsorb water that increased concentration. ADH is released by posterior pituitary and prevents water loss

Question 23

what is mechanism of aldosterone

Answer 23

when BP is low, aldosterone is released by adrenal cortex and cause reabsorption of sodium which causes water retention and thirst

Question 24

what does ADH do for the distal convulued tubule

Answer 24

usually it is impermeable to water but the hormone makes it permeable to water

Question 25

aldosterone is released by? what does this hormone do

Answer 25

angiotensin II causes the release of Aldosterone to immediately increase BP

Question 26

loop of henle, describe the descending and ascending limb.

Answer 26

descending limb is thick and permeable to water NOT ions making filtrate conc. the ascending limb is thin and NOT permeable to water but does lose ions into the medulla causing it to be salty.

Question 27

what does the vasa recta do

Answer 27

a loop that helps maintain high conc of sodium in the medulla.

Question 28

the glomerular filtration rate depends on what?

Answer 28

pressure

Question 29

what structure in the kidney regulates BP? what enzyme gets secreted here?

Answer 29

we have the juxtaglomerular apparatus that is a contact point between afferent arteriole and distal tubule. the cells here are called juxtaglomerular cells that act as baroreceptors to secrete renin if bp is too low

Question 30

what does enzyme renin do?

Answer 30

renin catalyzes a rxn to convert angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1 that gets converted angiotension 2 in the LUNGS to then make ADH

Question 31

what does kidney do if ph is too high? too low?

Answer 31

if too high: HCO-3 is excreted in urine if too low: H+ is excreted

Question 32

what enzyme converts CO2 into carbonic acid?

Answer 32

carbonic anhydrase

Question 33

what hormone does the kidney make?

Answer 33

erythropoietin stimulates red bone marrow to make RBCs

Question 34

calcitonin is made by what? where is it made? what does it do?

Answer 34

made by c cells in thyroid and it decreases calcium

Question 35

parathyroid hormone is made where? what does it do?

Answer 35

made the parathyroid and it secreted to increase calcium

Question 36

digestion is what? how

Answer 36

the breakdown of polymers into their monomers through enzymatic hydrolysis

Question 37

the GI tract is made up of what cells and have what junction? what type of muscle does digestion use

Answer 37

epithelial cells with tight junctions. it uses smooth muscle to move through the process of peristalsis

Question 38

GI motility is based on what five things

Answer 38

1. spontaneous depol 2. functional syncytium 3. GI has own NS called enteric NS 4. motility is controlled hormonally 5. PNS stimulates motility

Question 39

a ball of food is called what? muscle GI contraction/movement is called

Answer 39

GI contraction is peristalsis and ball of food is bolus

Question 40

the enteric NS is part of what NS? what neurons does it have?

Answer 40

autonomic NS, it has myenteric plexus: regulates motility and submucosal plexus: releases secretions and blood flow

Question 41

GI secretes using what glands: define them

Answer 41

exocrine glands: like gastric gland and goblet cells makes mucus membrane. endocrine glands: pancreas cells called islets of langerhans

Question 42

The mouth has what three roles:

Answer 42

1. fragmentations: mastication cutting the food up 2. lubrication: saliva wets it 3. enzymatic digestion: starts the digestion process

Question 43

what is pharynx and has what two tubes?

Answer 43

the pharynx is the throat and has trachea where air passes and esophagus where food passes.

Question 44

how does food not pass through the trachea

Answer 44

we have a flap called the epiglottis

Question 45

the stomachs acidity is

Answer 45

2 ph due to HCI secretion and it kills and breaks down food

Question 46

pepsin is what? where is it made?

Answer 46

pepsin is a digestive enzyme and secreted by chief cells

Question 47

what is gastrin

Answer 47

a hormone secreted by G cells that stimulates acid and pepsin secretion

Question 48

the small intestines is divided in 3 segments called:

Answer 48

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

Question 49

absorption of nutrients begins where and where does overall digestion stop

Answer 49

in the duodenum and digestion stops in the small intestines

Question 50

how do secretions from what organs get into duodenum. the ducts empty through what

Answer 50

1. pancreatic duct: delivers exocrine secretions 2. common bile duct: delivers bile that contains bile acids made from liver empty into the duodenum by the sphincter of oddi

Question 51

what hormones are secreted by the duodenum

Answer 51

cholestokinin (CCK), secretin and entrogastrone SEC

Question 52

cholestokinin (CCK)

Answer 52

secreted when fats are present and causes pancreas and gallbladder to release their secretions

Question 53

secretin

Answer 53

released when acid is present and tells pancreas to increase ph

Question 54

enterogastrone

Answer 54

decreases stomach emptying

Question 55

what does colon do? what is appendix?

Answer 55

colon absorbs water and minerals and holds stool until we need to poop. appendix is an appendage of first part of colon called cecum and made of lymphatic tissue

Question 56

last part of the colon? where does stool exit?

Answer 56

last part is the rectum and it exits through the anus

Question 57

colonic bacteria makes what vitamin

Answer 57

vitamin k that helps with blood clotting

Question 58

exocrine pancreas releases what proteases

Answer 58

trp and chemotrp for digestion

Question 59

endocrine pancreas hormones are released by what and what is released

Answer 59

released by islets of langerhans and releases glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin (inhibits many digestion processes)

Question 60

what hormones' increase blood sugar? decrease?

Answer 60

increase: glucagon, epi, and cortisol decrease: insulin

Question 61

bile is stored by what organ

Answer 61

gallbladder

Question 62

liver does what

Answer 62

digestive fats, detoxify, and creates new glucose form gluconeogenesis

Question 63

what hormones are secreted when stomach empty?

Answer 63

ghrelin to stimulate appetite

Question 64

what hormones are secreted when stomach full?

Answer 64

peptide yy to reduce appetite

Question 65

path of carbs in GI tract

Answer 65

mouth to stomach to intestines and sugars that are digested causes liver to release insulin

Question 66

path of protein in GI tract

Answer 66

mouth to stomach to intestines where zymogens gets active and break down proteins

Question 67

what are vitamins? which ones are fat soluble and which ones are water soluble?

Answer 67

vitamins need to be eaten because we cannot make them. fat soluble: DAKE water soluble: B, Biotin, C, folate (BBC females)

Question 68

vitamin A

Answer 68

retinol, visual pigment

Question 69

vitamin D

Answer 69

stimulates calcium absorption for bones

Question 70

vitamin E

Answer 70

prevents oxidation of unsat fats

Question 71

vitamin K

Answer 71

blood clotting

Question 72

vitamin B

Answer 72

helps with enzymatic digestion

Question 73

vitamin b folate

Answer 73

helps neural tube for baby development

Question 74

vitamin c

Answer 74

collagen formation