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mcat bio textbook > ch. 12 > Flashcards

ch. 12 Flashcards

1
Q

the respiratory systems job is to

A

ensure the efficient delivery of o2 and removal of Co2 for all cells in an organism

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2
Q

what is ventilation

A

the simple movement of air into and out of the lungs

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3
Q

what is respiration

A

the exchange of gases (either in lungs, blood, tissue)

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4
Q

what is the conduction zone?

A

the parts of the respiratory system that ONLY participate in ventilation

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5
Q

what is respiratory zone?

A

the parts that participate in actual gas exchange

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6
Q

how does the respiratory system regulate ph?

A

by converting CO2 to carbonic acid since CO2 release causes ph to go up (alkalimia)

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7
Q

hyperventilation causes what

A

loss of CO2 causing pH to increase, this is called respiratory alkalosis

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8
Q

hypoventilation causes what

A

not enough co2 leaving causing pH to decrease, this is called respiratory acidosis

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9
Q

how does the respiratory system regulate temperature?

A

breathing can result in heat loss and this occurs through evaporative h20 loss like sweating.

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10
Q

how does the respiratory system protect us from disease and small matter

A

the lungs provide moist area where pathogens like to be and traps them there to be eaten by respiratory macrophages

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11
Q

what are the organs that are a part of the conduction zone?

A

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and respiratory bronchioles

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12
Q

what is the function of bronchi? bronchioles? respiratory bronchioles?

A

bronchi supplies air to each lung. the bronchi branches out to the bronchioles that are very small bronchi and that branches out to respiratory bronchioles which are smallest and final in conduction zone.

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13
Q

what is the actual structure across which gasses diffuse is called? what passes across the outer surface of this structure?

A

the structure is alveolus and capillaries passes the outer surface for gas exchange

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14
Q

the alveolar duct branches into what

A

respiratory bronchiole

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15
Q

the respiratory system is lined with what cells? what is their shape? which cells create mucus here?

A

the respiratory system is lined with columnar cells. the goblet cells make mucus.

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16
Q

gas exchanging areas are lined with what cells? what immune system cell are located in these areas?

A

they are lined with thin squamous (flat) epithelial cells. there are alveolar macrophage protect this area since mucus can affect gas exchange

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17
Q

what causes surface tension?

A

tendency of water molecules to clump together and causes hydrophilic surfaces to stick together when air is present

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18
Q

how does alveoli prevent surface tension? what happens if surface tension gets high in alveoli?

A

there is a soapy substance called a surfactant that reduces surface tension. without this, the alveoli can collapse

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19
Q

what is pulmonary ventilation?

A

the circulation of air into and out of the lungs to continuously replace gases in the alveoli with air from atmosphere.

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20
Q

movement of air into the lungs is called what? movement of air out of the lung?

A

into the lungs: inspiration
out of the lungs: expiration

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21
Q

what causes inspiration? what kind of process is this? and expiration? how can expiration be active?

A

inspiration is an active process caused by the contraction of the diaphragm. expiration is a passive process and caused by the relaxation of the muscles. forced expiration causes abdominal muscles to move diaphragm.

22
Q

lungs are surrounded by what 2 membranes? what is the name of membrane here?

A

the membrane is called pleura and it is made of parietal pleura and visceral pleura.

23
Q

what is the area in between the two pleura in the lungs? where are these pleura found?

A

the space in between is called pleural space. parietal pleura is found on chest cavity and visceral is found on surface of lungs

24
Q

what is the pressure in the pleural space? what would happen if there was a hole in this space?

A

it is (-) causing a vacuum. a hole would air air to come in and collapse the lung.

25
Q

the volume of the lungs during inspiration? expiration?

A

inspiration you expand the chest cavity through intercostal muscles and increase volume. in expiration, the volume decreases as cavity gets smaller.

26
Q

when does expiration usually occur?

A

during exertion like extreme exercise

27
Q

what is inspiration steps? expiration?

A

inspiration: 1) diaphragm contacts and moves down
2) volume expands
3) pleural pressure decreases
4)lung expands
5) pressure in alveoli becomes -
6) air enters respiration zone

***expiration is opposite steps

28
Q

at the end of expiration, what is alveolar pressure look like?

A

it is equal to the atmosphere

29
Q

what is the measurement of the volume of air entering or exiting the lungs? what is the device used?

A

the measurement is spirometry and the tool is spirometer.

30
Q

what is tidal volume? expiratory reserve volume?

A

TV: amount of air that moves in and out during normal light breathing and about 10% of total volume in lungs
ERV: volume of air that can be expired after passive resting expiration

31
Q

what is inspiratory reserve volume? what is functional residual capacity?

A

IRV: the volume of air that can be inspired after relaxed inspiration.
FRC: the volume of air left in the lungs after resting expiration.

32
Q

what is inspiratory capacity? what is residual volume?

A

IC: the max volume or air which can be inhaled after the strongest possible expiration
RV: amount of air that remains in the lungs after the strongest possible expiration

33
Q

what is vital capacity? what is total lung capacity?

A

VC: the greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath.
TLC: the vital capacity plus the residual volume.

34
Q

state the pathway of deoxy blood

A

it goes to the lungs by the pulmonary artery and the artery branches out to the pulmonary/alveolar capillaries.

35
Q

what occurs when theres small increase of pressure in left atria? in right atria?

A

a small increase in left atria doesnt cause change. the small increase in right atria increases circulation in pulmonary causing fluid out of the capillaries

36
Q

when we cant move fluid from pulmonary capillaries, what occurs? what system helps prevent this?

A

pulmonary edema. the lymphatic system helps prevent this by carrying fluid out of the lungs

37
Q

why do lungs have large surface area?

A

to expose blood to oxygen and allows oxygen to diffuse into capillaries while CO2 diffuses from blood to alveolar gas

38
Q

what is atmospheric gas composition? what is partial pressure?

A

air gas comp is 80% N2 20% O2 0.5% H2O and 0.04% CO2. partial pressure is the contribution of each gas equal to the total pressure

39
Q

what is henrys law? gas become what if temp goes up?

A

the amount of gas that will dissolve into liquid is dependent on the partial pressure of that gas as well as solubility of that gas liquid.
** gas becomes less soluble as temp goes up

40
Q

what is the driving force of diffusion? what is respiratory membrane made up of?

A

the driving force of diffusion: the partial pressure difference between alveolar air and blood.
respiratory membrane is made of alveolar epithelium, interstitial liquid, and capillary endothelium.

41
Q

breathing can be what two things? where is breathing controlled?

A

breathing can be voluntary but most of the time it is controlled by ANS. breathing is controlled by respiratory control center in the medulla of brain stem

42
Q

what conditions causes ventilation rate to go up? how are these levels measured?

A

conditions would be increased CO2, and low O2 and low pH. these levels are measured by chemoreceptors

43
Q

what is bronchoconstriction? what NT causes this?

A

bronchoconstriction is the contraction of smooth muscle of bronchi bronchioles and it is caused by ACH

44
Q

bronchodilation is caused why what NT?

A

norepi

45
Q

what are irritant receptors? what is important to note between chemoreceptors and irritant receptors?

A

irritant receptors: cause coughing or bronchoconstriction when irritant is detected. low O2, ph and high CO2 is monitored by chemoreceptors while irritants are only detected by irritant receptors

46
Q

the outermost layer of the skin is what? deeper layer? fatty layer?

A

outermost: epidermis
innermost: dermis
fatty: hypodermis/subcutaneous tissue

47
Q

what area of the skin is most prone to cancer why?

A

dermis because those cells continuously divide

48
Q

dermis also have what within it

A

blood vessels with sensory receptors, sudoriferous glands (sweat) sebaceous (oil)and hair follicles

49
Q

humans are homeotherms what does this mean?

A

temp is constant and heat is generated by metabolic processes

50
Q

how can some homeotherms like bears burn special fat

A

they have brown adipose tissue for like hibernation in a process called chemical thermogenesis or nonshivering thermogenesis

51
Q

how can humans cope with cold

A
  1. contraction of skeletal muscles (shivering)
  2. skin insulates
  3. blood vessels constrict
52
Q

how can humans cope with heat?

A
  1. sweating 2. dilation of blood vessels

mcat bio textbook (10 decks)

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