ch 10

Question 1

The synthesis of an RNA copy of a gene is called:

Answer 1

transcription

Question 2

The process of synthesizing a specific polypeptide on a ribosome is known as:

Answer 2

translation

Question 3

In bacteria, transcription and translation occur in the

Answer 3

cytoplasm

Question 4

an ____ be broadly defined as a unit of heredity.

Answer 4

gene

Question 5

The ______ that constitute the genetic material provide a blueprint for the characteristics of every organism.

Answer 5

genes

Question 6

ncRNAs are RNAs that do not encod

Answer 6

polypeptides

Question 7

In transcription, a(n)—– sequence is copied into a(n) ——sequence.

Answer 7

DNA, RNA

Question 8

During the process of

____ an RNA copy of a gene is produced.

Answer 8

transcription

Question 9

An mRNA molecule is used to synthesize a specific polypeptide on a ribosome in the process of

Answer 9

translation

Question 10

In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the ——– whereas translation takes place in the—–

Answer 10

nucleus, cytosol

Question 11

Which region of a bacterial gene signals the end of transcription?

Answer 11

Terminator

Question 12

The characteristics of an organism are rooted in the activities of cellular ________ encoded by genes.

Answer 12

Proteins

Question 13

Transcription occurs in three stages: initiation

Answer 13

elongation and termination

Question 14

In the process of ,______ a DNA sequence is copied into an RNA sequence.

Answer 14

Transcription

Question 15

The DNA strand that is complementary to the RNA strand produced during transcription is called the ____ strand.

Answer 15

Template

Question 16

What sequence of RNA will be transcribed from a DNA template strand that is 5’-ACGTAAC-3’?

Answer 16

3’-UGCAUUG-5’

Question 17

Which region of a structural gene signals the beginning of transcription?

Answer 17

Promotor

Question 18

Transcription is similar in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, except that ____

Answer 18

Eukaryotes involve greater complexity of proteins

Question 19

Before leaving the nucleus, pre-mRNA transcripts are modified by splicing, as well as the addition of _____ and ______ to ends of the mRNA

Answer 19

cap and tail

Question 20

Before leaving the nucleus, pre-mRNA transcripts are modified by splicing, as well as the addition of _____ and ______ to ends of the mRNA

Answer 20

cap and tail

Question 21

The strand of DNA that is used by RNA polymerase during transcription is called the _____ strand

Answer 21

Template

Question 22

In eukaryotic mRNAs, the 5’ cap functions in all of the following EXCEPT

Answer 22

Removal of introns from the mRNA

Question 23

The sequence of a DNA template is 3’-GGTTCCTT-5’. What is the sequence of the RNA molecule that will be transcribed from this template strand?

Answer 23

5’-CCAAGGAA-3’

Question 24

n mRNA molecule is used to synthesize a specific polypeptide on a ribosome in the process of

Answer 24

Translation

Question 25

A long poly A tail aids in the export of mRNAs from the:

Answer 25

nucleus

Question 26

How does transcription differ in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Answer 26

Eukaryotic transcription requires more proteins.

Question 27

The introns found in eukaryotic pre-mRNA are removed by a large complex called the

Answer 27

spliceosome

Question 28

How are eukaryotic mRNAs modified before leaving the nucleus?

Answer 28

Introns are removed by splicing. A poly(A) tail is added to the 3' end. A cap is added to the 5' end.

Question 29

What is the role of the 5' cap on a eukaryotic mRNA molecule?

Answer 29

It facilitates the exit of mRNA from the nucleus. | It allows the mRNA to bind to a ribosome for translation.

Question 30

There are ____ nucleotide bases are in one codon.

Answer 30

3

Question 31

What amino acid is specified by the start codon?

Answer 31

Methionine

Question 32

What are the functions of the poly A tail on a mature eukaryotic mRNA?

Answer 32

It stabilizes the mRNA. | It aids in the export of mRNA from the nucleus.

Question 33

The start codon defines the reading frame of a(n) , ____ and refers to the order in which codons are read during translation.

Answer 33

mRNA

Question 34

What is the name of the complex that removes introns from eukaryotic pre-mRNA molecules?

Answer 34

Spliceosome

Question 35

How is an mRNA sequence used to produce a specific amino acid sequence?

Answer 35

A codon on mRNA base pairs with an anticodon on a tRNA that carries the appropriate amino acid.

Question 36

The _____ in tRNA binds to a codon in an mRNA.

Answer 36

anticodon

Question 37

The genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotide bases known as

Answer 37

codons

Question 38

Which RNA molecule functions as an intermediary between an mRNA codon and an amino acid

Answer 38

The tRNA

Question 39

The start codon encodes the amino acid

Answer 39

Methionine

Question 40

Nirenberg and Leder deciphered the genetic code by synthesizing synthetic ______, molecules and analyzing the polypeptides that were produced.

Answer 40

mRNA

Question 41

The reading frame of an mRNA refers to the

Answer 41

the order in which codons are read during translation

Question 42

Match each component of the translation machinery with its function. 1. mRNA 2. tRNA 3. Ribosome 4. Translation

Answer 42

1. mRNA- Contains information needed to synthesize a polypeptide 2. tRNA- Binds to a codon and carries the appropriate amino acid to be added to the polypeptide 3. Ribosome- catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds to synthesize a polypeptide 4. Translation Factor- Proteins required for translation

Question 43

A messenger RNA sequence can be translated into a specific amino acid sequence because _____ RNA molecules base pair with mRNA codons and are attached to specific amino acids.

Answer 43

transfer

Question 44

Place the steps of charging a tRNA molecule in the proper sequence.

Answer 44

1. A specific amino acid and ATP bind to aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase 2. The amino acid is activated by the covalent bonding of AMP, and pyrophosphate is released 3. The correct tRNA binds to the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase 4. The amino acid is covalently attached to the tRNA, and AMP is released 5. The charged tRNA is released from the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

Question 45

Cloverleaf pattern with three stem-loops | Acceptor stem for amino acid attachment

Answer 45

Anticodon

Question 46

The _____ molecule is attached to an amino acid and has an anticodon that can base pair with a codon.

Answer 46

tRNA

Question 47

Translation occurs on structures called .

Answer 47

ribosomes

Question 48

How did Nirenberg and Leder experimentally demonstrate the relationship between mRNA triplet sequences and amino acid sequences? Multiple choice question.

Answer 48

They synthesized synthetic RNA molecules with specific base sequences and analyzed the resulting polypeptides.

Question 49

An ___ is composed of structures called the large and small subunits.

Answer 49

ribosome

Question 50

The three major types of RNA are involved in translation. The information to synthesize a polypeptide sequence is contained in

Answer 50

mRNA, tRNA and rRNA

Question 51

The ribosomal subunits contain two types of macromolecules:

Answer 51

proteins, and RNA

Question 52

The structural features common to all transfer RNAs include a stem-loop containing an___ that is complementary to the codon on mRNA and an acceptor stem where an___ can be attached

Answer 52

anticodon; amino acid

Question 53

During the process of charging a tRNA molecule, the enzyme aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

Answer 53

first activates an amino acid using ATP, and then binds a tRNA and transfers the amino acid to it

Question 54

During the initiation stage of translation, an mRNA molecule, the first ___ molecule, and the ribosomal subunits associate. During elongation, ____ bonds are formed between amino acids. Finally, translation ends when the ribosome reaches an ____ codon.

Answer 54

tRNA, peptide, stop

Question 55

What is the site of translation?

Answer 55

c. Ribosome

Question 56

What are the two subunits of a ribosome called?

Answer 56

Large and small subunits

Question 57

During the initiation phase of translation, a complex is formed between an mRNA molecule, the ___ and ____ subunits

Answer 57

tRNA and ribosomal

Question 58

Which macromolecules are found in ribosomes?

Answer 58

RNA | protein

Question 59

n eukaryotic species, the initiation phase of translation differs in two ways from the process in bacteria. First, instead of a ribosomal-binding sequence, eukaryotic mRNAs have a ________ cap at their 5' end. Secondly, in eukaryotes, the location of ________ codons is more variable.

Answer 59

cap, start, methionine

Question 60

The ___ stage of translation involves the covalent bonding of amino acids to each other, one at a time.

Answer 60

Elongation

Question 61

Match each stage of translation with the key events that occur during that stage.

Answer 61

1. Initiation- The mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomal subunits are assembled 2. Elongation- Peptide bonds are formed between amino acids to synthesize a polypeptide 3. Termination- A release factor binds to the A site of the ribosome

Question 62

What molecules must assemble during the initiation stage of translation?

Answer 62

ribosomal subunits the first tRNA mRNA molecule

Question 63

In the process of protein synthesis, what recognizes the three stop codons?

Answer 63

A protein called release factor

Question 64

How does the initiation phase of translation differ between eukaryotic and bacterial species?

Answer 64

* The location of the start codon is more variable in eukaryotic species. * In eukaryotes, the initiator tRNA carries a methionine, not formyl-methionine * Eukaryotic mRNAs have a cap at the 5' end that facilitates binding to the ribosome.

Question 65

Identify the stage of translation in which polypeptide synthesis occur

Answer 65

Elongation

Question 66

During translation, the stop codons are recognized by a protein called a

Answer 66

Release Factor