Chapter 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Principle 1?
A
Cells are the simplest units of life
2
Q
Principle 2?
A
Living organisms use energy.
3
Q
Principle 3?
A
Living organisms interact with their environment.
4
Q
Principle 4?
A
Living organisms maintain homeostasis.
5
Q
Principle 5?
A
The genetic material provides a blueprint that allows organisms to grow, develop, and reproduce.
6
Q
Principle 6?
A
Populations of organisms evolve from one generation to the next and are related by an evolutionary history.
7
Q
Atoms are?
A
Smallest unit of elements
8
Q
Molecules and macromolecules;
A
they are bond together to form a larger polymer called macromolecules: carbs., protein, Nucleic acid ( DNA, RNA)
9
Q
Cells
A
simplest unit of life
10
Q
Tissues
A
Multicellular organism as plants and animals, many cell are same type form tissues
11
Q
Organs
A
multicellular organism is composed of two more types of tissues:
12
Q
Principle 7?
A
Structure determines function
13
Q
Principle 8?
A
New properties of Life emerge from complex interactions
14
Q
Principle 9?
A
Biology is an experimental Science
15
Q
Principle 10?
A
Biology is quantitative science
16
Q
Principle 11?
A
Biologist use models and simulation to test experimental predictions and convey ideas
17
Q
Principle 12?
A
Biology affects our society
18
Q
Organism
A
All living things are organism, and belong to a species.
19
Q
Population
A
A group of organisms of the same species that occupy the same environment is called apopulation.
20
Q
Community
A
an assemblage of populations of different species that live in the same environment.
21
Q
Natural selection
A
mutation may increase in a population from one generation to the next
22
Q
Horizontal Gene Transfer
A
organism incorporates genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of that organism.
23
Q
Levels of Biological Organization( smallest to largest)
A
- Atom
- Molecule
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Organism
- Population
- Community
- Ecosystem
- Biosphere
24
Q
Taxonomy
A
field of biology that is concerned with the grouping and classification of species is termed.
25
prokaryotic
Bacteria and archaea
26
Domain Eukarya
eukaryotic: cells with internal compartments that serve various functions
27
characteristics shared by all living things.
- the ability to respond to a stimulus
- the ability to interact with the environment
- the ability to maintain homeostasis
- genetic material composed of DNA
28
Unicellular organisms are composed
one cell
29
multicellular organisms are composed
many cells
30
How are new cells produced?
By the division of pre-existing cells
31
The study of life is called
biology
32
In order to survive, all living things must be able to interact with
environment
33
Which are characteristics of all living things?
- Cell(s) and organization
- Response to the environment
- Growth and development
- Energy use and metabolism
- Biological evolution
34
Homeostasis
Living cells and organisms regulate their cells and bodies to maintain stable internal conditions such as body temperature.
35
The process by which offspring are generated is called
reproduction
36
Cell theory states that new cells come from
pre-existing cells.
37
True or false: All living organisms are capable of interacting with their environments.
True
38
Segments of DNA that govern the characteristics of an organism are called
genes
39
The phenomenon of populations of organisms changing from generation to generation is known as biological
evolution.
40
Which process directly sustains life from one generation to the next?
Reproduction
41
The unity of common traits is rooted in the phenomenon of
evolution from pre-existing ancestor
42
What is a key feature of reproduction?
Offspring resemble their parents.
43
Genes govern the characteristics of an organism. Each gene is a short segment of a(n)
DNA molecule.
44
True or false: Diverse forms of life have evolved to prosper in the different environments the Earth has to offer.
True
45
What is biological evolution?
Change in a population of organisms over time
46
Changes that occur as a result of evolution often involve the
modification of pre-existing structures for a new function.
47
Evolutionary change occurs by what two mechanisms?
- Horizontal gene transfer
| - Vertical descent with mutation
48
the fact that all forms of life display a common set of characteristics describes the ______ of life.
unity
49
How do new species evolve from pre-existing species in the mechanism known as vertical evolution?
Via accumulation of mutations
50
Consider a mutation that alters an organism's traits so that it increases the likelihood of survival and reproduction of the organism. Such a mutation may become more common in the population over time due to a process called
Natural Selection
51
The diversity of life forms that exist on Earth is due to
the large variety of environments found on Earth.
52
What is taxonomy?
The classification and grouping of organisms
53
True or false: Evolutionary changes frequently involve the modification of pre-existing structures for a new function.
True
54
Match each domain of life with the correct description
* Bacteria
* Archaea
* Eukarya
- Bacteria→ Unicellular prokaryotes found in many environments on Earth
- Archaea→ Unicellular prokaryotes that typically inhabit extreme environments, such as hot springs
- Eukarya → Unicellular or Multicellular eukaryotes
55
The two mechanisms that lead to evolutionary change are _____descent with modification/mutation and ______gene transfer.
vertical and horizontal
56
Prokaryotes are found in two domain
Bacteria and Archaea
57
In vertical evolution, new species evolve from pre-existing species by accumulation of _____ which are changes in the genetic message.
mutations
58
Eukaryotes are found in the domain
Eukarya
59
Changes in the frequency of beneficial mutations over generations is called
Natrual Selection
60
When scientific names are written, both the genus and species should be ,____ and the first letter of the genus name should be _____
- italicized, capitalized
61
The grouping of species for purposes of classification is called
taxonomy
62
Science involves what?
- experimental investigation
- theoretical explanation
- observation
63
Which domain of life includes organisms that have large cells with internal compartments specialized for particular functions?
Eukarya
64
Identify the level of biological organization that is the focus of each subdiscipline within biology.
- Ecology?
- Anatomy & Physiology?
- Cell Biology?
- Molecular Biology?
- Ecology→ populations, Communities, and ecosystems
- Anatomy & Physiology→ Organisms
- Cell Biology→ Cells
- Molecular Biology→ Molecules & Macromolecules
65
Select the domains that contain prokaryotic microorganisms.
- Archaea
| - Bacteria
66
Researchers design and conduct experiments in order to test which of the following?
Predictions
67
Select all the characteristics of a scientific hypothesis.
- should be falsifiable (if incorrect)
| - must make predictions
68
What is the proper way to represent the scientific name of a mouse?
-Mus musculus
69
In biology, the word "theory" is used to mean
knowledge
70
The observation, identification, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of natural phenomenon can be defined as
science
71
How is discovery-based science conducted?
Data are collected and analyzed without a pre-conceived hypothesis.
72
Anatomy
Anatomy: The study of the structures of plants and animals.
73
Physiology
Physiology: The study of the functions of plants and animalsT
74
Molecular biology
Molecular biology: The study of the molecules and macromolecules within cells.
75
Cell biology
Cell biology: The study of cells
76
Ecology
Ecology: The study of organisms in their natural environments.
77
Before publication, a scientific report undergoes the
Peer-review process.
78
Experiments are designed to test specific predictions based on one or more ____, which are proposed explanations for observations.
hypothesis
79
A hypothesis must make ______ that can be tested, and a hypothesis must be ______, which means it can be shown to be incorrect.
predictions; falsifiable
80
How does a theory differ from a hypothesis?
A theory is supported by a large body of evidence.
81
The process of collecting and analyzing data without a preconceived hypothesis is referred to as ___________based science.
discovery
82
Living organisms share a number of characteristics. These unifying characteristics separate them from non-living things.
a. All living organisms are made up of one or more cells.
c. All living organisms reproduce by passing on specific genetic information to future generations.
d. Only living organisms are capable of movement.
h. All living organisms are dependent on a constant supply of oxygen for survival.
i. Only living organisms respond to external stimuli.
j. All living organisms grow by increasing cell size and/or cell number.
