Ch 10: Classification of Microorganisms

Question 1

What is taxonomy?

Answer 1

The science of classifying organisms according to how similar they are to other organisms

Question 2

What is phylogeny?

Answer 2

The study of the evolutionary history of an organism(s)

Question 3

Taxonomy produces a ______, while phylogeny produces ______.

Answer 3

• Hierarchy
• Phylogenetic tree or cladogram

Question 4

The three-domain system is based on similarities in _____.

Answer 4

• ribosomal RNA
• Specifically, 16s rRNA, as is highly conserved across all organisms

Question 5

In 1990, ______ elevated the three cell types to a level above kingdom, proposing the three-domain system.

Answer 5

Carl Woese

Question 6

What taxonomic domain is lacking the hairpin loop of 16s rRNA?

Answer 6

Archaea

Question 7

The membrane lipids of Bacteria and Eukarya are joined to the glycerol backbone by a _____ linkage, while Archaea have a ______ linkage.

Answer 7

• Ester
• Ether

Question 8

_______ is a bacterium that has a nuclear envelope surrounding its nucleoid. It is present-day evidence that plasma membrane involving could produce a nuclear envelope

Answer 8

Gemmata obscuriglobus

Question 9

______ is a protist harboring a photosynthetic endosymbiont that resembles modern-day cyanobacteria. It is a modern-day example of endosymbiotic prokaryote living in a eukaryotic cell

Answer 9

Cyanophora paradoxa

Question 10

When a new prokaryote is discovered and named, it is published into what reference book?

Answer 10

Bergey’s Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria

Question 11

What is the order for the taxonomic hierarchy? (mnemonic on other side :D)

Answer 11

1. Domain → Drunken
2. Kingdom → Kangaroos
3. Phylum → Punch
4. Class → Children
5. Order → On
6. Family → Family
7. Genus → Game
8. Species → Shows

Question 12

What is a strain?

Answer 12

A variant identified by numbers, letters, or name following species designation

Question 13

Kingdoms in Eukarya

Answer 13

Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protista

Question 14

Animalia

Answer 14

Multicellular; no cell walls; Chemoheterotrophic

Question 15

Plantae

Answer 15

Multicellular; cellulose cell walls; usually photoautotrophic

Question 16

Fungi

Answer 16

Chemoheterotrophic; unicellular or multicellular; cell walls of chitin; can develop from spores of hyphal fragments

Question 17

Protista

Answer 17

A catch-all Kingdom for Eukaryotic organisms that do not fit other kingdoms

Grouped into clades based on rRNA

Question 18

Define Bacteria’s:

Cell type
Cell wall
Membrane
First Amino Acid
Antibio sensitivity
rRNA loop
Common arm tRNA

Answer 18

Prokaryotic

Peptidoglycan

Composes of straight carbon chains attached to glycerol by ester linkage

Formylmethionine

yes

Present(only one with an rRNA Loop)
Present

Question 19

Define Archae

Cell type
Cell wall
Membrane
First Amino Acid
Antibio sensitivity
rRNA loop
Common arm tRNA

Answer 19

Prokaryotic

Varies in composition; contains no peptidoglycan

Composes of straight carbon chains attached to glycerol by ether linkage

Methionine(like the Eukaryotic)

NO

NO

Present

Question 20

Define Eukarya

Cell type
Cell wall
Membrane
First Amino Acid
Antibio sensitivity
rRNA loop
Common arm tRNA

Answer 20

Eukaryotic

varies in composition contains carbohydrates
Composes of stragiht carbon chains attached to glycerol by ester linkage

Methionine (same in Archaea)

NO

NO

Present

Question 21

Describe the membrane lipids of the 3 domains

Answer 21

Eukarya and Bacteria with eSTer linkage

Arachaea eTHer linkage

Question 22

A bacterium with invaginated membrane around the nucleoid

Answer 22

Gemmata obscurigolbus

Question 23

A protist harboring a photosynthetic endosymbiont, similar to a modern day cyanobacteria

Answer 23

Cyanophora paradoxa

Question 24

Microbes nomenclature

Answer 24

Genus+species

Question 25

What is a Strain

Answer 25

A variant of a organism, identified by numbers, letters or name following the species designation. For instance E. coli K12 or S. cerevisiae S28C

Question 26

Classification

Answer 26

Placing organisms in groups of relates species. Lists of characteristics of known organisms Only 1% of Prokaryotes have been discovered

Question 27

Identification

Answer 27

Matching characteristics of an 'unknown' organism to a list of known organism Clinical lab identification

Question 28

Numerical/ Rapid Identification

Answer 28

Only for enterics 1) Tube with 15 different media is inoculated with an unknown enteric bacteria 2) observe the results and what changes colors 3) Note each positive test, and note the numerical value associated with it, which give you an ID 4) Compare ID to a computerized value chart that indicates what organism it is

Question 29

Dichotomous keys

Answer 29

Used for identifiation, Simple yes or no answers and follow the chart

Question 30

Cladograms

Answer 30

Show evolutionary relationships

Question 31

Serology

Answer 31

Combine a known antiserum with an unknown bacterium. Determines the relatedness of two different organisms

Question 32

Slide Agglutination test

Answer 32

Type of serology Unknown bacteria are placed in a drop of saline on several slides different antibodies are added to each sample Bacteria will agglutinate when mixed with antibodies produced against them

Question 33

ELSA(direct assay)

Answer 33

An enzyme will be linked to an antibody, once added to the unknown bacteria they will bind together, once it is bounded add a substrate that will cause it fluoresce

Question 33

ELSA(direct assay)

Answer 33

An enzyme will be linked to an antibody, once added to the unknown bacteria they will bind together, once it is bounded add a substrate that will cause it fluoresce Quick and Readable with a computer scanner

Question 34

ELISA(Indirect assay)

Answer 34

Requires a second antibody that will bind to the primary one, the secondary antibody will have the enzyme linked to it advantage of the secondary antibody will have a wider range of use and doesn't require conjugation

Question 35

The Western Blot

Answer 35

Lyme disease: Borrelia Burgdoferi use the bacterias proteins Proteins separated by size using SDS Proteins are transferred to a nitrocellulose gel using a capillary action Proteins are exposed to the infected individual's serum, which should contain antibodies antibodies must be detectable Uses HIV as well

Question 36

Electroblotting

Answer 36

Used electrocurrent to transfer proteins on to the gel

Question 37

Phage testing

Answer 37

Petri dish with a spread of agar medium Added a bacteria to be tested(i.e Staphylococcus aureus) Let it dry and spot the bacteria with different bacteriophages Affected cells will be lysed and no growth !PURE CULTURE!

Question 38

Fatty Acid Profiles

Answer 38

Bacteria synthesize a wide variety of fatty acids Gas chromatographs can separate fatty acids FAME profiles used to identify the bacteria type Fatty Acid Methyl Ester !Must be a pure culture!

Question 39

Flow Cytometry

Answer 39

A focused laser scatters light from these cells and can trigger fluorescence provides information about cell size, shape, density, and surface cells can be selectively stained with antibody coupled to a fluorescent dye • Can be used to identify bacteria in a sample without culturing (i.e. Listeriain milk)