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Microbiology1 > Ch 16: Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Ch 16: Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between “resistance” and “immunity”

A
  • Resistance: unable to allow for productive infection
  • Immunity: active process to prevent progression of infection
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2
Q

What is the first line of defense of the immune system? (3)

A
  1. Physical barrier (intact skin)
  2. Chemical factors (mucous membrane secretions)
  3. Normal microbiota
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3
Q

What is the second line of defense of the immune system? (4)

A

Nonspecific physiologic processes:

  1. Inflammation
  2. Fever
  3. Antimicrobial substance production
  4. Phagocyte infiltration (neutrophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells, and macrophages)
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4
Q

The ciliary escalator of the respiratory tract moves the mucus blanket at a rate of ______.

A

1-3 cm/hr

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5
Q

What properties of the epidermis make it a good physical barrier for the immune system? (3)

A
  1. Dryness inhibits microbes
  2. Water-tightness blocks microbes
  3. Shedding removes microbes
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6
Q

What glands produce sebum?

A

Sebaceous glands

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7
Q

What is sebum?

A
  • Complex mixture of fatty acids and triglycerides that have anti-microbial activity
  • Acidic
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8
Q

A pH of ____ inhibits bacteria and fungi

A

6 or lower

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9
Q

True or false. Urea can be bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal

A

True

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10
Q

What is lysozyme?

A

Small enzyme that attacks the peptidoglycan chains in the cell walls of bacteria, causing the cells to burst.

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11
Q

Who discovered lysozyme as an antibiotic?

A

Alexander Flemming (also discovered penicillin)

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12
Q

Does sebum contain acid, lysozyme, or antibacterial substances?

A

Acid and antibacterial substances

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13
Q

Does sweat contain acid, lysozyme, or antibacterial substances?

A

Lysozyme and antibacterial substances

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14
Q

Do tears contain acid, lysozyme, or antibacterial substances?

A

Lysozyme

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15
Q

Does saliva contain acid, lysozyme, or antibacterial substances?

A

ALL

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16
Q

Does gastric juice contain acid, lysozyme, or antibacterial substances?

A

Acid

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17
Q

Does urine contain acid, lysozyme, or antibacterial substances?

A

Acid and antibacterial substances

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18
Q

Do vaginal secretions contain acid, lysozyme, or antibacterial substances?

A

Acid

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19
Q

____ discovered the causative agent of peptic ulcers was H. pylori by drinking a solution of the bacterium and treating himself with antibiotics

A

Barry Marshall

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20
Q

What cell type gives rise to all other blood cell types?

A

Multipotent hematopoietic stem cells

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21
Q

Which white blood cells produce histamine?

A

Basophils

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22
Q

Which white blood cells are responsible for killing parasites?

A

Eosinophils

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23
Q

Which white blood cells are responsible for phagocytosis but are not antigen-presenting cells?

A

Neutrophils

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24
Q

Which white blood cells are responsible for phagocytosis and can act as antigen-present cells?

A

Monocytes (macrophages) and dendritic cells

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25
Q

Which white blood cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity?

A

T-cells

26
Q

Which white blood cells produce antibodies?

A

B-cells

27
Q

Which white blood cells destroy target cells (infected or cancerous)

A

Natural killer cells

28
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

Increased WBCs

29
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

Decreased WBCs

30
Q

Where do the lymphatic ducts ultimately drain?

A

Left and right subclavian veins, ultimately back to the heart

31
Q

Which type of phagocytic WBC isshort-lived and only predominate early infections?

A

Neutrophils

32
Q

Which type of phagocytic WBC is can last for several months and predominate later infections?

A

Macrophages

33
Q

Explain the phases of phagocytosis (7)

A
  1. Chemotaxis and adherence of pseudopods
  2. Ingestion of target
  3. Formation of phagocytic vesicle or phagosome
  4. Fuse with lysosome to form a phagolysosome
  5. Enzymatic digestion of target
  6. Formation of residual body
  7. Discharge of indigestible material
34
Q

What are toll-like receptors (TLRs)?

A
  • Proteins on cell surfaces throughout the body
  • Provide adherence for macrophage pseudopods
  • Recognized pattern-recognition receptors
35
Q

How are Streptococcus pyogenes and S. pneumoniae able to evade phagocytosis?

A

Their M proteins and capsules inhibit adherence

36
Q

How is Staphylococcus aureus able to evade phagocytosis?

A

Produces leukocidins that kill phagocytes

37
Q

How is Listeria monocytogenes able to evade phagocytosis?

A

Has a membrane attack complex that is able to lyse phagocytes

38
Q

How are Shigella and Rickettsia able to evade phagocytosis?

A

They can escape the phagosome

39
Q

How are HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis able to avoid phagocytosis?

A

Prevent phagosome-lysosome fusion

40
Q

How is Coxiella burnettii able to evade phagocytosis?

A

Can survive inside the phagolysosome

41
Q

What is the purpose of inflammation? (3)

A
  1. Destroy and remove injurious agents
  2. Limit the agent’s effects by walling it off
  3. Speed up damage repair
42
Q

What is margination?

A

Near the site of infection, phagocytes gather and stick to endothelium (blood vessels)

43
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

At the site of infection, phagocytes squeeze between endothelial cells

44
Q

Describe the process of inflammation (8)

A
  1. Damaged cells release signaling molecules
  2. Blood clot and abcess form
  3. Vasodilation
  4. Phagocytes migrate
  5. Margination
  6. Diapedesis
  7. Phagocytosis
  8. Tissue repair (epidermis and dermis regenerate)
45
Q

What are the signaling molecules released by damaged cells during inflammation and what are their functions? (4)

A
  1. Histamine - vasidilation, increased permability of blood vessels
  2. Kinins - vasodilation, increased permability of blood vessels
  3. Prostaglandins - intensify histamine and kinin effects; induce fever
  4. Leukotrienes - increased permeability of blood vessels, phagocytic attachment
46
Q

Increased permeability of blood vessels results in ____ or _____

A

Edema or swelling

47
Q

Gram(-) endotoxin causes phagocytes to release ____

A

IL-1

48
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a fever?

A

Adv:

  • Increases transferrins
  • Increases IL-1 activity
  • Produces interferon

Dis:

  • Tachycardia
  • Acidosis
  • Dehydration
  • 44-46℃ (111 ℉) is fatal
49
Q

What is the complement system?

A
  • An enzyme cascade that:
    • Damages bacterial plasma membranes
    • Increases ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and debris
    • Promotes inflammation
50
Q

In complement cascade activation, C1 is activated by ______.

A

Microbe-antibody complexes

51
Q

In complement cascade activation, C1 splits _____, which then split _____.

A
  • C1 → C2 and C4
  • C2 → C2a and C2b
  • C4 → C4a and C4b
52
Q

In complement cascade activation, ____ and ____ combine together and they split ____.

A

C2a and C4b → C3

53
Q

In complement cascade activation C3 splits into _____ and _____ to initiate the complement cascade.

A

C3 → C3a and C3b

54
Q

What is the function of C3b in the complement cascade? (2)

A
  1. Bind to microbes and enhance phagocytosis (opsonization)
  2. Splits C5
55
Q

What is the membrane attack complex?

A
  • C5b, C6, C7, C8, and multiple C9 fragments
  • Punches holes in microbes causing lysis
56
Q

In the complement cascade _____ and ____ bind to mast cells which release histamine and other signaling molecules

A

C3a and C5a

57
Q

In the complement cascade ____ is a chemotactic factor, which attracts phagocytes to the site of infection

A

C5a

58
Q

What are siderophores?

A

Secreted bacterial proteinst that sequester iron from their environment and allow for microbes to more easily take it up

59
Q

What are transferrins?

A

Iron binding protein in animals that trasport and store iron

60
Q

How large are antimicrobial peptides?

A

12-15 amino acids long

61
Q

What are interferons (IFNs)?

A

Cytokines that cause cells to produce antiviral proteins that inhibit viral replication (alpha and beta) or cause neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytize bacteria (gamma)

Microbiology1 (20 decks)

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