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Microbiology1 > Ch 5: Microbial Metabolism > Flashcards

Ch 5: Microbial Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

According to Collision theory, what 3 factors determine whether a chemical reaction will occur from a collision?

A
  1. Molecules need to collide with enough energy
  2. Speed of the molecules
  3. Orientation of the molecules
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2
Q

How much can enzymes increase reaction rates?

A

108 - 1010 times

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3
Q

What is the “turnover number” of an enzyme?

A

The max number of substrate molecules an enzyme converts to product per second

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4
Q

What is the turnover number of DNA polymerase I?

A

15

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5
Q

What is the turnover number of lactate dehydrogenase?

A

1000

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6
Q

What is the turnover number for carbonic anhydrase?

(CO2 + H2O → HCO3 + H+)

A

500,000

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7
Q

Is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) used in catabolic or anabolic reactions?

A

Catabolic

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8
Q

Is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) used in catabolic or anabolic reactions?

A

Anabolic

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9
Q

What are some examples of inorganic cofactors?

A

Iron

Copper

Zinc

Calcium

Cobalt

Manganese

Magnesium

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10
Q

What conditions will denature proteins? (6)

A

High temperatures

Change in pH

Detergents

Heavy metal ions

Alcohol

Salts

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11
Q

Proteins can potentially re-nature if ______

A

they have not coagulated

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12
Q

What is the function of sulfanilamide?

A

Competitive inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase and prevents the synthesis of folic acid in bacteria

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13
Q

What other molecule does sulfanilamide mimic?

A

p-Aminobenzoic acid (PABA)

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14
Q

What is the function of ribozymes?

A

RNA splicing, general Ribosomal RNA

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15
Q

Compare and contrast the Entner-Doudoroff pathway and glycolysis.

A

EDP: produces 1 ATP, 1 NADH, and 1 NADPH; has a lower activation energy

Glycolysis: produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH; has a higher activation energy

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16
Q

What is the final product from one round of the pentose phosphate pathway?

A

2 NADPH

No ATP consumed or produced

A source for 4/5 carbon skeletons that can be used for synthesis of AA Nucleic acids and other macromolecules

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17
Q

What is the final output for every 2 molecules of acetyl-CoA that enter the TCA cycle?

A

4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP (technically GTP but it’s equivalent)

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18
Q

What are the three classes of carriers in the electron transport chain?

A

Flavoproteins

Cytochromes

Ubiquinones (Q)

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19
Q

Name the complexes involved in the electron transport chain. What are the mobile electron carriers?

A

I: NADH dehydrogenase

II: Succinate dehydrogenase

III: Cytochrome bc-1 complex

IV: cytochrome C oxidase

V: ATP synthase

Mobile electron carriers: Q and cytochrome C

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20
Q

Where are the enzymes for the electron transport chain located in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes: plasma membrane

Eukaryotes: inner mitochondrial membrane

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21
Q

Which complexes in the electron transport chain actively transport protons across the membrane?

A

NADH dehydrogenase (I)

Cytochrome bc-1 complex (III)

Cytochrome C oxidase (IV)

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22
Q

ATP synthase functions how?

A

Protons pumped out by complexes I, III, and IV can only get back across the membrane via ATP synthase, which drives the synthesis of ATP

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23
Q

How many total ATP are produced in prokaryotes from the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose during aeorbic respiration?

A

38 ATP

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 +38 ADP + 38 Pi → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 38 ATP

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24
Q

In anaerobic respiration, what is used as an electron acceptor instead of O2? What are their products? (3)

Study These Flashcards
A

NO3- → NO2-, N2 + H2O

SO4- → H2S + H2O

CO2 → CH4 + H20

25
What is homolactic fermentation?
Lactic acid fermentation that only produces lactic acid
26
What is heterolactic fermentation?
Lactic acid fermentation that produces lactic acid and other compounds
27
What is the final electron acceptor of lactic acid fermentation?
Pyruvate
28
What microorganism is commercially important for ethanol production?
*Saccharomyces cerevisiae* | (yeast)
29
What is the evolutionary benefit of ethanol fermentation?
Ethanol is toxic to other microbes. Yeast can then break down the ethanol for energy
30
Bacteria can help clean up oil spills by utilizing what metabolic pathway?
β - oxidation
31
What is the drawback to a typical fermentation test?
It relies on a pH indicator (turns yellow in acid) to detect for acid side-products and not actually ethanol
32
What is a chemotroph?
an organism that uses energy from organic or inorganic compounds (chemicals
33
What is a phototroph?
An organism that uses light as its primary energy source
34
What is an autotroph?
An organism that uses CO2 for their principal carbon source
35
What is a heterotroph?
An organism that requires an organic carbon source (feeders)
36
What is a saprophyte?
A class of chemoheterotroph that live on dead organic matter
37
What is a parasite?
A class of chemoheterotroph that derives its nutrients from a living host
38
*Thiobacillus ferrooxidans* is a chemoautotroph. How does it get its energy?
It uses the Calvin-Benson cycle to fix CO2 (self-feeder)
39
What are the similarities and differences between photoheterotrophs and photoautotrophs?
Both use light as primary energy source photoheterotrophs require an organic carbon source, but photo autotrophs can fix CO2 with the Calvin-Benson cycle
40
During the complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 and H2O, how much energy is trapped in the bonds of ATP and how much is lost as heat?
55% ATP 45% lost as heat
41
Besides the production of new cellular components, what other cellular processes use ATP?
1. Creating gradients 2. Active transport 3. Movement (flagellar)
42
Three different ways ATP can be made
Substrate level Phosphorylation Oxidative Phosphorlaytion Photophosphorylation( 2 different type)
43
Glycolysis formula
Glucose+ 2 ATP+2ADP+2PO4+2 NAD+ → 2 pyruvic acid + 4 ATP + 2 NADH + 2H+
44
Enter- Doudoroff pathway
Product,1 ATP, 1 NADPH and 1 NADH Present in some gram-negative bacteria, Generally not in gram-positive
45
Erythrose 4 phosphate
to make several amino acids
46
F6P(PPP)
Can isomerase to G6P and reenter ther PPP or glycolysis
47
G3P
enter glycolsis
48
Ribose phospate
To make Nucleotides and nucleic acids or Calvin- Benson cycle
49
Fermentation Test
Acid production decreases the pH, pH sensor turns yellow Mannitol is Fermenting Protein alternate source to grow on
50
Protein Catabolism
Protein catabolism results in increase of pH, turns purple
51
Protein Catabolism(iron agar)
To test if Sulfar can be removed, results in black precipitate and H2S Distinguishes Salmonella from E.coli
52
Chemoheterotrophs
Hard to distinguish the role of carbon, come in two classes Saprophyte:Live on dead organic matter Parasites derive nutrients from a live host
53
Chemoautotrophs
REDUCE inorganic compounds, Tahiobcillus ferrooxidans Use the Calvin Benson cycle
54
Photohetertrophs
Use light for energy Need an organic carbon source
55
Photoautorophs
Use light for energy Use Calvin Benson cycle to fix CO2 Green and purple sulfer bacteria cynobactera, algae and green plants Two
56
Apoenzyme
An enzyme that requires a cofactor, but does not have one bound to it, Inactive
57
Haloenzyme
An apoenzyme with its cofactor, ACTIVE
58
NAD/NADP+ FAD
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(Phosphate) Cofactors for Oxidase reduction NAD -Catabolic NADPH- Anabolic Kerbs cycle
59
What is the Calvin-Benson cycle
A light INdependent reaction to “fix” CO2 3 turns make one G3P 6 turns make one Glucose 6CO2+18ATP+12 NADH→1 Glucose

Microbiology1 (20 decks)

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