Ch. 10 Nuclear Chemistry Flashcards Preview

CHE 1111 > Ch. 10 Nuclear Chemistry > Flashcards

Flashcards in Ch. 10 Nuclear Chemistry Deck (59)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

Involves the subatomic particles of the nucleus

A

Nuclear reactions

2
Q

of protons in the nucleus

A

Atomic number Z

3
Q

of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

A

Mass number A

4
Q

Carbon naturally has ____ protons but the number of neutrons May be 5,7 or 8. This mass number can be 12, 13, 14

A

6

5
Q

Unstable and spontaneously emits energy to form a more stable nucleus.

A

Radioactive isotope (radioisotope)

6
Q

The nuclear radiation emitted spontaneously by an unstable radioactive isotope.

A

Radioactivity

7
Q

What are the different types of radiation emitted when a radioactive nucleus is converted to a more stable nucleus.

A
  1. Alpha particles
  2. Beta particles
  3. Positrons
  4. Gamma radiation
8
Q

This is a high energy particle with 2 protons and 2 neutrons. Has an element symbol for helium and a +2 charge. 4/2He

A

Alpha particle

9
Q

This is a high energy electron. Has a mass # of 0 and a charge of -1.
0/-1e

A

Beta particle

10
Q

How is a beta particle formed?

A

It is formed when a neutron is converted to a proton and electron

11
Q

This is called an anti particle of beta because their charges are different but their masses are the same. It has a +1 charge and 0 mass.
0/+1e

A

Positron

12
Q

This is high energy radiation released from a radioactive nucleus. This form of energy has no mass or charge.

A

Gamma rays

13
Q

The process by which an unstable radioactive nucleus emits radiation forming a nucleus of new composition.

A

Radioactive decay

14
Q

The equation for radioactive decay includes what parts?

A

Original nucleus
New nucleus
Radiation emitted.

15
Q

What must be balanced in a radioactive decay equation?

A

The mass # and atomic # must be equal on both sides.

16
Q

The decay of a nucleus by emitting an alpha particle.

A

Alpha emissions

17
Q

The decay of a nucleus by emitting a beta particle.

A

Beta emission

18
Q

When a beta particle is emitted what is in the new nucleus?

A

The new nucleus has one more proton and 1 less neutron than the original nucleus. The mass # is constant.

19
Q

The decay of a nucleus by emitting a positron.

A

Positron emission

20
Q

When a positron is emitted what is in the new nucleus?

A

The new nucleus has one fewer proton and one more neutron than the original nucleus. The mass # is constant.

21
Q

The decay of a nucleus by emitting a gamma ray.

A

Gamma emission

22
Q

What are the changes to an element after gamma radiation?

A

Because it is an emission of energy there are no changes to mass or atomic #.

23
Q

The time it takes for one half of a radioactive isotope sample to decay.

A

Half life

24
Q

The half life of a radioactive isotope is a property of a given isotope and is independent of _____, ______, and ______.

A
  1. The amount of sample
  2. Temperature
  3. Pressure
25
Q

Archeologists use the half life of _____ to determine the age of carbon containing material derived from plants or animals.

A

Carbon-14

26
Q

The half life of carbon-14 is?

A

5730 years

27
Q

A small portable device used for measuring radioactivity. It is a tube filled with Arvin gas that is ionized when it comes into contact with nuclear radiation.

A

Geiger counter

28
Q

The amount of radioactively in a sample is measured by the number of _____ that decay per unit of Time, disintegration’s per second.

A

Nuclei

29
Q

What is the most common unit for measuring the radioactivity in a sample?

A

Cutie (Ci)

30
Q

What are smaller units derived from the curie (Ci)

A

(mCi) microcure

(mCi) millicurie

31
Q

One curie is how many disintegration’s per second.

A

3.7*10^10 disintegration’s per second

32
Q

How many millicurie are 1 Curie?

A

1000mCI

33
Q

How many microcurie are 1 Curie?

A

1,000,000 microcurie

34
Q

What SI unit also measures radioactivity?

A

Bequerel Bq

35
Q

1 Ci =_____ Bq

A

3.7x10^10

36
Q

Cells that are most sensitive to radiation are those that _____?

A

undergo rapid cell division

37
Q

Which types of cells are most sensitive to radiation?

A
  • Bone marrow
  • Reproductive organs
  • Skin
  • Intestinal tract
38
Q

Which particle is the heaviest of the radioactive particles and is the slowest and penetrates the least?

A

Alpha Particles

39
Q

Which particle move quickly since it has a negligible mass? It can penetrate into body tissue.

A

Beta Particles

40
Q

Which particle travels the fastest and readily penetrates body tissues? Lead shielding is required to halt penetration.

A

Gamma rays

41
Q

This is the amount of radiation absorbed by one gram of a substance. The amount of energy varies with both the nature of the substance and the type of radiation.

A

rad-Radiation Absorbed Dose

42
Q

This is the amount of radiation that also factors in its energy and potential to damage tissue. 1 of this type of radiation produces the same amount of tissue damage.

A

rem- radiation equivalent for man

43
Q

How many rad is 1 Gray?

A

100rad = 1 Gray

44
Q

How many rem is 1 sievert?

A

100 rem = 1 sievert

45
Q

This is the lethal dose that kills 50% of a population? Entire population?

A

500 rems in humans

600 rems for entire population

46
Q

What are radioactive isotopes used for in medicine?

A

For both diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.

47
Q

What is the use of radioactive isotopes in diagnostics?

A

To determine if an organ is functioning properly or to detect the presence of a tumor. The isotopes are ingested or injected and the radiation it emits can be used to produce a scan.

48
Q

What is technetium-99 used for in diagnostic medicine?

A
  • Function of gallbladder and bile ducts
  • Identifying site of abnormal bleeding
  • Bone scans for metastatic cancer
49
Q

What is thallium-201 used for in diagnostic medicine?

A
  • Stress tests to diagnose coronary artery disease

- Found in areas of the heart with poor blood supply

50
Q

What is radioactive isotopes used for in medical treatments?

A

The high energy radiation emitted by radioisotopes can be used to kill rapidly dividing tumor cells. It can either be ingested or a radiation source external to the body.

51
Q

This uses radioisotopes that emit positrons when the nulceus decays. Once formed, a positron combines with an electron to form two gamma rays which create a scan of an organ.

A

Positron Emission Tomography (PET scan)

52
Q

What are common isotopes used in a PET scan?

A

Carbon-11
Oxygen-15
Nitrogen- 13
Fluorine- 18

53
Q

This is the splitting apart of a heavy nucleus into lighter nuclei and neutrons. It is he nuclear reactions used in nuclear power plants.

A

Nuclear Fission

54
Q

This is the joining together of two light nuclei to form a larger nucleus. These are the nuclear reactions that take place in the sun.

A

Nuclear Fusion

55
Q

When uranium-235 is bombarded by a neutron it undergoes nuclear fission and splits apart into which two lighter nuclei?

A

Krypton-91

Barium-142

56
Q

Each neutron prodced during fission can go on to bombard 3 other uranium-235 nuclei to produce more nuclei and more neutrons. This is known as what?

A

Chain reaction

57
Q

A sufficient amount of uranium-235 needed to sustain a chain reaction. When this amount is present the chain reaction occurs over and over again and an atomic explosion occurs.

A

Critical Mass

58
Q

This occurs when two light nuclei join together to form a larger nucleus.

A

Nuclear Fusion

59
Q

What are 3 types of medical imaging without radioactivity?

A
  1. X-rays
  2. CT
  3. MRI