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Flashcards in Ch.12 Alkanes Deck (58)
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1
Q

These are hydrocarbons that have C-C and C-H bonds. The carbons can be joined together to form chains or rings of atoms.

A

Alkanes

2
Q

Alkanes that contain chains of carbon atoms but no rings.

A

Acrylic alkanes

3
Q

What is the molecular formula for acylic alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

n=# of carbons

4
Q

What is another term for acylic alkanes and why is it called this?

A

saturated hydrocarbons because they have a maximum number of hydrogen atoms per carbon.

5
Q

These are alkanes containing carbons joined in one or more rings

A

Cycloalkanes

6
Q

What is the molecular formula for cycloalkanes?

A

CnH2n

7
Q

This is a chemical substance used for communication in animal species and is an acylic alkane? Has a molecular structure of C11H24

A

Pheromone

8
Q

Acylic alkanes that have fewer than 5 carbons.

A

Simple alkanes

9
Q

What are two types of simple alkanes?

A

Methane

Ethane

10
Q

This has a single carbon atom

Surrounded by 4 hydrogen’s to give it 4 bonds.

A

Methane

11
Q

This has 2 carbon atoms joined together by a single bond. Each carbon atom is bonded to 3 hydrogen’s to give it 4 bonds.

A

Ethane

12
Q

Since each carbon in an alkane is surrounded by 4 atoms each carbon is _____ with bond angles of ______.

A

Tetrahedral

109.5

13
Q

This has 3 carbon atoms single bonded in a row. Each carbon has hydrogen atoms bonded to give it 4 bonds.

A

Propane

14
Q

This has 4 carbon atoms single bonded in a row with hydrogen atoms bonded to each to give it 4 bonds.

A

Butane

15
Q

This has 3 carbon atoms in a row and one carbon bonded to the middle carbon. Has enough hydrogen atoms on each carbon to give each carbon 4 bonds.

A

Isobutane

16
Q

Isobutane and butane are _____. Two different compounds with the same molecular formula

A

Isomers

17
Q

These are isomers that differ in the way atoms are connected to each other.

A

Constitutional isomers

18
Q

As the number of carbon atoms in an alkane increases so does the number of _____.

A

Isomers

19
Q

How many constitutional isomers are there for the 5 carbon alkane? And what are they called?

A

3
Pentane
Isopentane
Neopentane

20
Q

Carbon atoms in alkanes and other organic compounds are classified by the number of other _____ directly bonded to them.

A

Carbon

21
Q

A primary carbon is bonded to ____ other Carbon.

A

One

22
Q

Secondary carbons are bonded to _____ other carbons.

A

Two

23
Q

Tertiary carbons are bonded to ____ other Carbons.

A

Three

24
Q

Quaternary carbons are bonded to _____ other carbons.

A

4

25
Q

Rotation can occur around carbon-carbon ____ bonds.

A

Single

26
Q

What does bond rotation allow?

A

Allows the hydrogen’s on one CH3 group to adopt different orientations relative to the hydrogen’s of other CH3.

27
Q

What is the most stable arrangement of bond?

A

The most stable arrangements avoid crowding between nearby carbons.

28
Q

IUPAC stands for what? And what is it?

A

International Union of Pure Applied Chemistry.

It’s used to name alkanes.

29
Q

Most drugs have what 3 names?

A

Systematic
Generic
Trade

30
Q

These are alkanes that have carbon branches.

A

Substituents

31
Q

This indicates the number of carbons in the longest continuous carbon chain in the molecule.

A

Parent name

32
Q

This indicates what functional group, of any, are present -ane indicates and alkane.

A

Suffix

33
Q

This tells us the identity, location and number of substituents attached to the carbon chain.

A

Prefix

34
Q

What is the order of naming substituents?

A

Prefix+parent+suffix

35
Q

Carbon substituents bonded to a long carbon chain are called?

A

Alkyl groups

36
Q

These are formed by removing one hydrogen from an alkane.

A

Alkyl group

37
Q

How do you name an alkyl group?

A

Remove the -ane from the parent alkane and replace it with -yl

Example is methane to methyl

38
Q

Name the steps taken in naming an acylic alkane.

A
  1. Find the longest continuous carbon chain. And name the parent. 6 carbons would be hexane.
  2. Number the atoms in the carbon chain to give the 1st substituent the lower number.
    3 name the number of substituents.
  3. Combine aubstituents names and numbers + parent + suffix
  4. Alphabetize the names of the substituents ignoring prefixes like di-
39
Q

______ contain carbon atoms arranged in rings.

A

Cycloalkanes

40
Q

What is the arrangement and angles of cycloalkanes with more than 3 carbons?

A

Chair form

109.5

41
Q

Many alkanes occur in nature primarily in _____ and ____. Both of which are fossil fuels and serve as energy sources formed long ago from the degradation of organic material.

A

Natural gas and petroleum

42
Q

What is natural gas composed of?

A

Methane with lesser amounts of Ethan, propane, and butane.

43
Q

What is petroleum composed of?

A

A mixture of compounds, most of which are hydrogen’s containing 1-40 carbon atoms. It is nonrenewable.

44
Q

Define refining.

A

Distilling crude petroleum. Separates it into usable fractions that differ in boiling points.

45
Q

Alkanes contain only nonpolar C-C and C-H bonds so they exhibit only weak ______ _____.

A

Intermolecular forces.

46
Q

Alkanes have ____ melting and boiling points.

A

Low

47
Q

Melting and boiling points of alkanes _____ as the number of carbons increases.

A

Increases.

48
Q

What reaction can an alkane undergo involving oxygen?

A

Combustion

49
Q

When an alkane burns in the presence of oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water.

A

Combustion

50
Q

Combustion is an example of what?

A

An oxidation-reduction reaction.

51
Q

An increase in number of C-O bonds and a decrease in number of C-H bonds indicates what?

A

Oxidation.

52
Q

A decrease in number of C-O bonds and a increase in number of C-H bonds indicates what?

A

Reduction

53
Q

What happens during incomplete combustion?

A

Carbon monoxide is formed instead of carbon dioxide.

54
Q

This is the reaction of an alkane with a halogen.

A

Halogenation.

55
Q

What is formed during halogenation?

A

An alkyl halide and a hydrogen halide

56
Q

Halogenation only occurs when the reactants are____ together or exposed to ____.

A

Heated

Light

57
Q

Halogenation is an example of a ____ reaction.

A

Substitution

58
Q

A reaction in which an atom is replaced by another atom or a ground of atoms.

A

Substitution reaction.