Ch 11-1

Question 1

What is a character in genetics?

Answer 1

A heritable feature that can vary among individuals (e.g., flower color).

Question 2

What is a trait?

Answer 2

specific version of a character, like purple or white flower color.

Question 3

Define true breeding

Answer 3

Organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves when self-pollinated.

Question 4

What is hybridization?

Answer 4

The crossing of two true-breeding plants with different traits.

Question 5

Alleles meaning

Answer 5

Different versions of a gene that account for variations in a trait.

Question 6

What is a dominant allele?

Answer 6

An allele that masks the effect of a recessive allele in a heterozygous individual.

Question 7

What is a recessive allele?

Answer 7

An allele whose effects are masked in the presence of a dominant allele

Question 8

What is the Law of Segregation?

Answer 8

Alleles separate during gamete formation, with each gamete receiving only one allele per gene.

Question 9

What is the Law of Independent Assortment?

Answer 9

Genes for different traits can separate independently during gamete formation.

Question 10

Define phenotype.

Answer 10

The observable traits or appearance of an organism.

Question 11

Define genotype

Answer 11

The genetic makeup or combination of alleles in an organism.

Question 12

What is a homozygote?

Answer 12

An individual with two identical alleles for a gene.

Question 13

Whats heterozygote

Answer 13

An individual with two different alleles for a gene.

Question 14

What is test cross

Answer 14

A cross between an individual with an unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual.

Question 15

Purpose of punnett square

Answer 15

To predict the genotype and phenotype ratios of offspring from a genetic cross.

Question 16

Which term describes a heritable feature that varies among individuals?
A) Trait
B) Character
C) Gene
D) Allele

Answer 16

B

Question 17

What are alternate versions of a gene called?
A) Genotypes
B) Traits
C) Alleles
D) Phenotypes

Answer 17

C

Question 18

In Mendelian genetics, what is the dominant allele?
A) An allele that always shows its effect
B) An allele that is hidden in the presence of another
C) A trait passed only from fathers
D) The most common trait in a population

Answer 18

A

Question 19

What is the ratio Mendel observed in F2 generation monohybrid crosses for dominant to recessive traits?
A) 1:1
B) 2:1
C) 3:1
D) 4:1

Answer 19

C

Question 20

Which of the following is a phenotype?
A) Bb
B) Blue eyes
C) bb
D) Chromosome

Answer 20

B

Question 21

What principle explains that alleles separate during gamete formation?
A) Law of Independent Assortment
B) Law of Dominance
C) Law of Segregation
D) Law of Recombination

Answer 21

C

Question 22

What kind of cross helps determine the genotype of an organism with a dominant phenotype?
A) Monohybrid cross
B) Testcross
C) Dihybrid cross
D) Self-pollination

Answer 22

B

Question 23

Which genotype represents a homozygous recessive individual?
A) AA
B) Aa
C) aa
D) Bb

Answer 23

C

Question 24

What does a Punnett square show?
A) The possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring
B) The DNA sequence of a gene
C) Chromosomal structure
D) Protein synthesis process

Answer 24

A

Question 25

Mendel's work with pea plants led to the development of: A) Evolution theory B) Cell theory C) Laws of Inheritance D) Photosynthesis

Answer 25

C

Question 26

In a dihybrid cross, how many possible combinations of alleles are there if independent assortment occurs? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

Answer 26

D

Question 27

What does it mean if genes are "linked"? A) They are on different chromosomes B) They are far apart on the same chromosome C) They are inherited together because they are close on the same chromosome D) They mutate together

Answer 27

C

Question 28

What is polygenic inheritance? A) A single gene affecting multiple traits B) Multiple genes affecting one trait C) Two traits being inherited together D) Linked genes on the same chromosome

Answer 28

B

Question 29

What type of inheritance pattern results in a blend of traits, like red and white flowers making pink? A) Complete dominance B) Codominance C) Incomplete dominance D) Pleiotropy

Answer 29

C

Question 30

Which rule is used when calculating the probability of two independent events both happening? A) Addition rule B) Subtraction rule C) Multiplication rule D) Division rule

Answer 30

C

Question 31

True or False: Mendel's Law of Segregation states that alleles separate during gamete formation.

Answer 31

T

Question 32

True or False: In a testcross, the unknown genotype is crossed with a homozygous dominant individual.

Answer 32

F

Question 33

True or False: Traits inherited through polygenic inheritance are influenced by multiple genes.

Answer 33

T

Question 34

True or False: A genotype with two identical alleles is heterozygous.

Answer 34

F

Question 35

True or False: The Law of Independent Assortment applies to genes on the same chromosome close together.

Answer 35

F

Question 36

True or False: Codominance results in both alleles being expressed fully, like in a spotted cow.

Answer 36

T

Question 37

True or False: In a monohybrid cross, the F2 generation shows a 3:1 ratio of dominant to recessive traits.

Answer 37

T

Question 38

True or False: A phenotype is the genetic makeup of an individual.

Answer 38

F

Question 39

True or False: Linked genes are usually inherited together because they are close on the same chromosome.

Answer 39

T

Question 40

True or False: Mendel’s experiments proved that traits blend in offspring, creating intermediate phenotypes.

Answer 40

F