Ch 11 Flashcards by rosa Vazquez

This includes the nutrients, living and non living, energy and interactions.

Ecosystem

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A fundamental biological community tied together by the flow of energy and nutrients through biochemical cycles

Ecosystem

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A large recognizable assemblage of plants and animals in a functional- interaction w environment is a

Biome

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The total complex of plant and animal life

Biota

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This is a concept for all scales

The ecosystem

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The interactions among organisms and between organisms and their nonliving environment

Meaning of the ecosystem

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Depends in the flow if energy among components of the ecosystem

the ecosystem

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Underside of a rock to a large area of continent

Scale of ecosystem

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A scale for all biogeographers

A biome

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Characterized by dominant vegetation

A biome

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A large terrestrial ecosystem

A recognizable assemblage if plants and animals an interaction w environment

Biome intro

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Transition zones of competition species In biomes intermingle

Ecotone

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1 tropical rainforest
2 tropical deciduous forest 
3 tropical scrub
4 tropical savannah
5 desert
6 Mediterranean woodland &amp; shrub
7 midlatitude grassland 
8 midlatitude deciduous forest 
9 boreal forest 
10 tundra

10 major biomes

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A prominent influence on human settlement
Biomes main landscape component
An indicator of other environmental attributes

Significance of terrestrial flora

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This represents the adaptations to the environments limiting factors 
Root system 
Stems 
Leaves 
Reproductive organs

Characteristics of plants

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These ENDURE the seasonal and climate changes

Perennial life cycle

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These perish in seasonal and climate changes but leave seeds

Annual life cycle

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Gymnosperms and angiosperms are types of

Seeds

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These carry seeds in cones and are a type of gymnosperms.

Conifers

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Naked seeds.

Gymnosperms

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These are carried in the boy of flowers

Angiosperms

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Vessel seeds

Angiosperms

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This is the dominant type of seed

Angiosperms

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Softwood
Coniferous
Evergreens
Needless leaf

Gymnosperms

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Hardwood Broad leaf Deciduous

Angiosperms

Plants adapted to dry conditions

Xerophytic adaptations

Well adapted to moisture | Ware loving plants

Hydrophytes adaptations

Species that require permanent immersion in water (marshes)

HYDROphytes

Species that require frequent soaking in water (woodland)

HYGROphytes

Most apparent vegetation differences in cause of """ on mountains because of change on elevation over short distances

Vertical zonation

Local variations

Ubac slope and Adret slope

Richer in diversity | Low angle

Ubac slope | 40 degs

Direct sun Dryer High angle Higher evaporation

Adret slope | 90 degrees

Exposure to sunlight on mountainous landscapes and the effect on elevation on temp and precipitation

Local variations

Green vegetation follows rivers and waters ex. Of?

Valley bottom locations

This is often ignored as a geographical object of study since it is less prominent than vegetation yet more adaptable to the environment. However, they are a prominent landscape element in certain cases and are sensitive indicators of the health of the ecosystem

Terrestrial fauna

Great diversity | Two universal features (motile/heterotrophs)

Animal characteristics

Self generated movement

Motile

Must say plants and animals for sustenance

Heterotrophs

Invertebrates (no backbone) vertebrate (backbone)

Types of animals

Placental Marsupials Monotremes

Types of backbone vertebrates

Lay eggs

Monotremes

Womb mammals

Placental

Pouch mammals

Marsupials

90% animals are

Invertebrates

Animals make these 3 environmental adaptations

Physiological Behavioral Reproductive

Anatomical / metabolic changes

Physiological

Movement - hibernation (dormant in winter) - estivation (inactive in dry/hot periods) - migration (periodic movement)

Behavioral

* Rivalry for space and resources: (light, water, shelter & nutrients) predation. * social: every individual for themselves

Competition amongst animals

2 dissimilar organisms lie together

Symbiosis

3 parts of symbiosis

Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism

Both beneficial

Mutualism

One benefits other is neither affects or altered

Commensalism

One benefits at the others expense

Parasitism

This part of the plant is used to gather nutrients and moisture and to anchor the plant

Roots

This part of the plant is used for support and for nutrient transportation from roots to leaves

Stem/branches

These absorb and convert solar energy for sustenance and to exchange gases and transpire water

Leaves

These are for regeneration

Reproductive organs

Hard fibrous stems/trees/shrubs are examples of

Woody plants

Soft stems/grasses/Forbes/lichens are an example of

Herbaceous plants

Leaves all die at an Annual period

Deciduous trees

Leaves fall throughout the year but never go bare

Evergreen trees

Angiosperms Broadleaf trees Flat and expansive leaves majority are?

Deciduous

Needle leaf trees Tough, leathering, waxy needles Gymnosperms Almost all

Evergreen trees.

All is evergreen in

Rain tropics

1. Roots TAP ROOTS - extend to reach moisture and thin hairlike rootless grow to penetrate tiny pores in soil. EX. OF

Xerophytes adaptation

Why is fleshy and Spanish and stores moisture as "succulents" in xerophytic adaptation ?

Stems

Their leaves are hard and waxy to inhibit water loss or white to reflect insulation. Tiny leaves are always more adaptable, less transpiration. Or "spines" in

Xerophytic adaptation

This adaptation in the xerophytic allows the plant or seeds to lie for years w/o perishing in "dormancy"

Reproductive cycle

``` Fish- water Amphibians- semiaquatic Reptiles- land. No hair. Cold Birds- air Mammals-produce milk, warm, hair. ```

5 types of vertebrates.

``` Nearctic -n America Neotropical -s America Pacific Islander - Pacific Ocean Ethiopian - Africa Pacearctic -Asia Madagascar - m Oriental -Japan Australian -a New Zealand - nz ```

Zoo geographic regions

Mostly invertebrates high rainfall Mostly talk trees broad leafing reticle soil space undergrowth Greatest species diversity high temps

Tropical rainforest

Tall grasses few shrubs and trees | That she's leaved during the 2nd dry season , wild fires during 3rd season

Tropical savannah

Succulents and tiny leaves

Desert

``` Cold desserts Birds and insects Short moisture Cool short summers Trees unable to survive ```

Tundra

Physical removal Artificial translocation of organisms Habitat modification

Human modifications of natural environment

Elimination of species

Physical removal

Modified soil through agriculture | Pollution removal of rainforest

Habitat modification

Wild plants and animals into new habitats -exotic species

Artificial translocation

Ch 11 Flashcards

(79 cards)