Ch 12

Question 0

Mixture of weathers minerals decaying organic matter living organisms gases and liquid solutions

Answer 0

Nature of soil

Question 1

Topmost layer 6 in

Answer 1

Soil

Question 2

Thin top surface layer of earths crust

From earths surface to as far as living organisms can penetrate

Answer 2

Depth of soil

Question 3

Mostly inorganic material

That’s why it’s in the sphere -

Answer 3

Lithosphere

Question 4

The interphase where the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere interact.

Answer 4

Lithosphere

Question 5

Lithosphere begins with the weathering of (disintegration) of

Answer 5

Rocks

Question 6

Principal soil product

Answer 6

Regolith

Question 7

-Layer of fragment rock from which soil eventually develops

Answer 7

Regolith

Question 8

Easy to overlook

Visible in plow fields in road cuts in construction sites and on eroded slopes

Answer 8

Soil as a landscape component

Question 9

A process operating above, & beneath the land surface.

Answer 9

Soil

Question 10

SRB

Answer 10

Soil regolith bedrock .

Question 11

Geologic factor
Climate factor 
Topographic factor 
Biological factor 
Chronological factor

Answer 11

Soil forming factors

Question 12

The parent material 
-raw material for soil formation 
Bedrock 
Alluvium 
Volcanic ash

Answer 12

The geologic factor

Question 13

The soil forming processes are slow

Humans believe Soils are a non renewable source

Answer 13

The chronological factor

Question 14

(Temperature) and weathering rates

(Moisture) and infiltration

Answer 14

Climate factor

Question 15

•Slope and erosion(drainage) rates 
- raw material for soil formation 
•Slope and drainage 
- waterlogged(more organic matter) soils in valley bottoms.(poorly drained)
•Slope ad soil depth 
The flatter the deeper

Answer 15

The topographic factor

Question 16

Organic matte
Soil aeration and mixing
Earthworms
Microorganisms in soil

Answer 16

Biological factors

Question 17

Nutrients for plants

Soil texture and color

Answer 17

Organic matter

Question 18

Root penetration (making way for aeration) 
Burrowing animals (hoof compact, dropping extracts.)

Answer 18

Soil aeration and mixing

Question 19

Soil aeration and mixing, structure, fertility

Answer 19

Earthworms

Question 20

Humus formation a dark adhesive of multiple particles

Answer 20

Microorganisms on soil

Question 21

Size of inorganic soil particles in order

Answer 21

Sand
Silt
Clay

Question 22

Inorganic materials 
Dissolved matter
Organic matter
Soil air
Soil water

Answer 22

Soil components

Question 23

Sand |45% minerals |
Silt |50% pores |
Clay |5% organic matter |

Answer 23

Granular matter (soil)

Question 24

Smallest particles in soil important in soil chemistry activity

Answer 24

Clay

Question 25

Cations (positive charge, ready for uptake by roots) - sheets of clay attract cations since they are negative reservoirs where nutrients occur.

Answer 25

Dissolved matter

Question 26

Less than 5%, - Dead plant material (litter) and animals - fecal matter if animals - rates of decay

Answer 26

Organic matter

Question 27

Leaves twigs stalks dead plant parts at soil surface - near or at decomposition -end product is humus

Answer 27

Organic matter

Question 28

The end product of litter decomposal. Brown black gelatinous chemically stable organic matter remains and loosens density while facilitating root development

Answer 28

Humus

Question 29

Organic matter enhances the soil

Answer 29

Structure and texture

Question 30

Aids in cation (nutrient) exchange | Serbian based nutrients for plants

Answer 30

Organic role in soil fertility

Question 31

Interstices - pathways of air Spaces for water storage Gases that are CO2 abundant from plant perspiration but O2 depleted by roots and soil organisms reputation

Answer 31

Soil air

Question 32

Percolation from above - rain water and snow melt Ground water from below - capillary action

Answer 32

Soil water

Question 33

Surface tension stronger than gravity

Answer 33

Capillary action

Question 34

Soil color Soil texture Soil structure

Answer 34

Soil properties

Question 35

Black brown red yellow grey ble

Answer 35

Soil color

Question 36

Particle size, clay and silt

Answer 36

Soil texture

Question 37

Peds- aggregates of particles (clumps) - are the structural foundation Affects soil porosity and permeability Has a Role in soil fertility

Answer 37

Soil structure

Question 38

Lopped used"" to determine climate

Answer 38

Latitude

Question 39

Colloids Cation exchange CEC

Answer 39

Soil chemistry

Question 40

``` Attracts and holds ions -Inorganic + clay particles -Organic +decomposed organic matter (humus) ```

Answer 40

Colloids

Question 41

Determine water holding capacity of soils

Answer 41

Colloids

Question 42

-Role in soil fertility -parent material. | Combination of colloids and cations - (colloidal complex) stronger cation bonds replace weaker ones

Answer 42

CEC ATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY

Question 43

The capability of a soil to attract and exchange cations.

Answer 43

CEC

Question 44

More CEC equals more fertile soil | More humus and clay equals more

Answer 44

colloids which equals more CEC

Question 45

Basic ions are fairly easily replaced by metal ions or hydrogen ions

Answer 45

Cation exchange

Question 46

Soil forming processes(soil profile) are

Answer 46

Addition loss translocation and transformation

Question 47

Precipitation H2O Condensation/run off Oxygen CO2 Nitrogen chlorine Sulfur form atmosphere and precipitation , organic mater, sediments, energy from sun. Added ingredients

Answer 47

Addition

Question 48

Clay and organic matter, carried by water, nutrients circulated by plants, soluble salts carried in H2O soil carried by animals (moved ingredients)

Answer 48

Translocation

Question 49

``` Water by evaporation Nitrogen by Denitrification Carbon as CO2 Soil erosion from oxidation of organic matter Energy by radiation (Loss of ingredients) ```

Answer 49

Loss

Question 50

Humus forms from organic matter Particles made smaller by weathering Clay and organic reactions Structure and concrete formation (altered ingredients)

Answer 50

Transformation

Question 51

Soil horizons in order and description

Answer 51

O (organic matter) A (top soil/dark color) E (eluviation matter) B (illuviation matter)

Question 52

Organic matter, loose. Partly decayed matter.litter. Common in forests.

Answer 52

O

Question 53

Mineral matter/ humus Top soil /dark. Some organic matter Seed germinating area

Answer 53

A

Question 54

Eluviation and leeching Lighter color Than A or B Sand and silt no clay

Answer 54

E

Question 55

Illuviation layer subsoil Most materials are deposited Collective zone of clay Great density wavy texture

Answer 55

B

Question 56

``` Laterization Podzolisation Gleization Calcification Salinization ```

Answer 56

Pedogenic (soil forming) regimes

Question 57

Brick red color forest subtropics moisture rapid weathering minerals diluted rapidly leeching bad for agriculture but good mining

Answer 57

Laterization

Question 58

Gray soil moisture some leeching vegetation has limited nutrient requisits plant litter is acidic found in n hemisphere mid and high latitudes slow chemical weathering but fast leeching from acids

Answer 58

Podzolization

Question 59

Waterlogged areas, cool climates flat land pour drainage soils are too acidic/ oxygen deficit for productivity of anything not water tolerant

Answer 59

Gleization

Question 60

Evapotranspiration little leeching grasses/shrubs many calcium salts capillary action in dry periods

Answer 60

Calcification

Question 61

Evaporation leaves salts toxic into most plants and organisms little life support

Answer 61

Salinization