Ch 11: Performance Enhancers

Question 1

The difference between a drug and a dietary supplement

Answer 1

FDA approval for safety and effectiveness

Dietary supplements need less approval

Question 2

Stacking

Answer 2

Several drugs administered simulatenlously to increase the potency of each via as additive effect

Question 3

Cyclic Pattern

Answer 3

Use drug for several weeks or months and alternate these cycles with periods of discontinued use

Question 4

How long does a typical cycle last?

Answer 4

5-10 weeks

Question 5

Muscle dysmorphia

Answer 5

Reverse anorexia nervosa

Question 6

Ergogenic benefits of anabolic steroids

Answer 6

Increased muscle mass, strength, athletic performance

Question 7

Side effects of anabolic steroids

Answer 7

Testicular atrophy
Low FSH, LH, and testosterone levels
High HDL
Increase in water retention (bloating)
Increases in anger, aggression, irritability, arousal, self-esteem

Question 8

Signs and symptoms of ergogenic aid abuse : cardiovascular system

Answer 8

Changes in lipid profile
Elevated BP
Decreased myocardial function

Question 9

Signs and symptoms of ergogenic aid abuse : Endocrine system

Answer 9

Gynecomastia
Decreased sperm count
Testicular atrophy
Impotence and transient infertility

Question 10

Signs and symptoms of ergogenic aid abuse : Genitourinary

Answer 10

Males: Decreased sperm count and testicular size

Females: cycle irregularities, clitoromegaly, deepening of voice, masculinization

Both: gynecomastia, libido changes

Question 11

Signs and symptoms of ergogenic aid abuse : Dermatological

Answer 11

Acne, Male pattern baldness

Question 12

Signs and symptoms of ergogenic aid abuse : Hepatic

Answer 12

Increased risk of liver tumors and liver damage

Question 13

Signs and symptoms of ergogenic aid abuse : Musculoskeletal

Answer 13

Premature epiphyseal plate closure, increased risk of tendon tears, intramuscular abscess

Question 14

Signs and symptoms of ergogenic aid abuse : Psychological

Answer 14

Mania, depression, aggression, hostility, mood swings

Question 15

Prohormones

Answer 15

Precursors to the synthesis of other hormone and are theorized to increase the body’s ability to produce a given specific hormone

Question 16

HCG

Answer 16

Hormone obtained from the placenta of a pregnant woman and is closely related to LH in structure and function

Question 17

Efficacy of HCG

Answer 17

In men: increased testosterone production

Allows for increase in endogenous testosterone levels at the end of a cycle

Question 18

HCG Adverse effects

Answer 18

Pain, swelling, and tenderness around injection site

Question 19

Insulin

Answer 19

Anabolic hormone that is secreted with in response to high blood sugar

Question 20

HGH

Answer 20

Anterior Pituitary hormone that needs to be injected to see the benefits which include bone and skeletal synthesis and releasing fatty acids from fat cells

Question 21

HGH efficacy

Answer 21

Needs to be injected to see effects

Does not show up on urine drug test

Question 22

HGH adverse effects

Answer 22

Acrogmegaly
Diabetes
Cardiovascular dysfunction
Muscle, joint, and bone pain
Hypertension
Accerlerated osteoarthritis

Question 23

EPO

Answer 23

Increases RBC mass

Question 24

EPO and exercise

Answer 24

EPO increases in response to chronic aerobic endurance exercise

Question 25

EPO efficacy

Answer 25

Associated with increases in hematocrit and hemoglobin

Question 26

EPO Adverse effects

Answer 26

Viscosity, lack of predictability

Question 27

B-agonists

Answer 27

Substances related to epinephrine

Question 28

B-agnosts efficay (clenbuterol)

Answer 28

Increase lean muscle mass and reduce subcutaneous fat

Question 29

Typical regimen for clenbuterol

Answer 29

Doses twice the recommended amount in a cyclic fashion

Question 30

B-blockers

Answer 30

Block B-adrenergic receptors and prevent catecholemines from binding

Question 31

B-Blockers benefits

Answer 31

Reduce anxiety and tremors

Question 32

EAAs

Answer 32

Not produced in the body and must be obtained through the diet

Question 33

Key amino acid for stimulating muscle protein synthesis?

Answer 33

Leucine through enhancement of Akt/mTOR pathway

Question 34

Arginine

Answer 34

Required for synthesis of protein and creatine and its metabolism results in the production of nitric oxide

Question 35

Nitric oxide levels and exercise

Answer 35

During exercise, nitric oxide levels increase so blood flow can increase

Question 36

HMB

Answer 36

Derivavitve of leucine

Question 37

Muscle buffering capacity

Answer 37

The ability to regulate H+ concentration in skeletal muscle during high intensity exercise Strong correlation with MBC and exercise capacity

Question 38

Sodium bicarbonate

Answer 38

Neutralizes acidity and increases blood pH

Question 39

Sodium Citrate

Answer 39

Increase blood pH without GI distress associated with sodium bicarbonate

Question 40

Creatine

Answer 40

Compund naturally synthesized in the body and helps to supply energy to the body 98% in skeletal muscle

Question 41

Creatine and exercise

Answer 41

As CP stores decline, so does the ability to perform high-intensity exercise As high-intensity exercise duration increases, the ability of CP to serve as an energy source is reduced

Question 42

Creatine supplementation typical dose

Answer 42

20-25 g daily for 5 days OR .3g/kg body weight followed by a maintenance dose of 2g/day Once dosing stopped will return to baseline levels

Question 43

Why do you need an initial loading dose with creatine?

Answer 43

If don't it will take longer to reach desired levels

Question 44

Creatine and body weight

Answer 44

Increases in FFM and TBW

Question 45

Caffeine

Answer 45

A stimulant that increases fat oxidation and increases power production

Question 46

Doses of caffeine that is beneficial

Answer 46

3-9 mg/kg BW

Question 47

Preworkout energy drinks

Answer 47

Enhance workouts, sport performance, and faster training adaptations

Question 48

Ephedrine

Answer 48

When combined with caffeine can improve aerobic endurance performance

Question 49

Citrus aurantium

Answer 49

When combined with caffeine and other herbal products see improvements in exercise time to fatigue