ch 12 2

Question 1

The idea that internal mental events, external environmental events, and overt behaviour all influence one another.

Answer 1

Banduras reciprocal determinism

Question 2

occurs when an organism’s response is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models.

Answer 2

Banduras Observational learning

Question 3

refers to one’s belief about one’s ability to perform
behaviours that should lead to expected outcomes.

Answer 3

Self-efficacy

Question 4

when ____________ individuals feel confident that they can execute the responses necessary to earn reinforcers.

Answer 4

Self-efficacy is high

Question 5

when___________individuals worry that the necessary responses may be beyond their abilities.

Answer 5

self-efficacy is low

Question 6

A theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth.

Answer 6

Humanism

Question 7

humanistic theorists assume
that

Answer 7

(1) people can rise above their primitive animal heritage and control their biological urges, and
(2) people are largely conscious and rational beings who are not dominated by unconscious, irrational needs and conflicts.

Question 8

assumes that one has to appreciate individuals’ personal, subjective experiences to truly understand their behaviour.

Answer 8

phenomenological approach

Question 9

a collection of beliefs about one’s own nature, unique qualities, and typical behaviour.

Answer 9

Rogers self-concept

Question 10

the degree of disparity between one’s self-concept and one’s actual experience. Self-concept does not mesh well with actual
experience

Answer 10

Incongruence

Question 11

Self-concept meshes well
with actual experience

Answer 11

Congruence

Question 11

a personality trait marked by an
inflated sense of importance, a need for attention and admiration, a sense of entitlement, and a tendency to exploit others.

Answer 11

Narcissism

Question 12

refers to a specific combination of three traits leading to negative, anti-social behavioural tendencies: Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism

Answer 12

Dark Triad

Question 13

involves putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group memberships. In contrast,
collectivism involves putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one’s identity in terms of the groups one belongs to

Answer 13

Individualism

Question 14

involves focusing on positive feedback from others, exaggerating one’s strengths, and seeing oneself as above average.

Answer 14

Self- enhancement

Question 15

Poor testability.
Inadequate evidence.
Sexism.
Unrepresentative samples

Answer 15

criticisms of the Psychodynamic approach

Question 16

striving for superiority is the foremost motivational force in people’s lives.

Answer 16

Adler