Chapter 11

Question 1

the sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death.
Includes both the biological and behavioural changes

Answer 1

Development

Question 2

Four Broad Stages of Life Span

Answer 2

1. The prenatal period, between conception and birth;
2. childhood;
3. Adolescence;
4. Adulthood.

Question 3

_______extends from conception to birth, usually encompassing nine months of pregnancy.

Answer 3

The prenatal period

Question 4

Prenatal Period Phases

Answer 4

The Germinal Stage, The Embryonic Stage, and The Fetal Stage

Question 5

The first phase of prenatal development, encompassing the first two weeks after conception.

Answer 5

The germinal stage

Question 6

The second stage of prenatal development, lasting from two weeks until the end of the second month.

Answer 6

The embryonic stage

Question 7

The third stage of prenatal development, lasting from two months through birth.

Answer 7

The fetal stage

Question 8

Refers to the progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities.

Answer 8

Motor development

Question 9

_______indicate the median age at which individuals display various behaviours and abilities.

Answer 9

Developmental norms

Question 9

Development that reflects the gradual unfolding of one’s genetic blueprint.

Answer 9

Maturation

Question 10

Refers to characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity.

Answer 10

Temperament

Question 11

Investigators observe one group of participants repeatedly over a period of time.

Answer 11

longitudinal design

Question 12

Investigators compare groups of participants of differing ages at a single point in time

Answer 12

cross-sectional design

Question 13

Occur when differences between age groups are due to the groups growing up in different time periods.

Answer 13

Cohort effects

Question 14

Three basic styles of temperament

Answer 14

Easy children, slow-to-warm-up children, and difficult children

Question 15

_______tended to be happy, regular in sleeping and eating, adaptable, and not readily upset.

Answer 15

easy children

Question 16

_________tended to be less cheery, less regular in their sleeping and eating, and slower in adapting to change. These children were wary of new experiences, and their emotional reactivity was moderate.

Answer 16

slow-to-warm-up children

Question 17

________tended to be glum, erratic in sleeping and eating, resistant to change, and relatively irritable.

Answer 17

Difficult children

Question 18

Refers to the close, emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and their caregivers.

Answer 18

Attachment

Question 19

Emotional distress seen in many infants when they are separated from people with whom they have formed an attachment.

Answer 19

Separation anxiety

Question 20

Infants are exposed to a series of eight separation and reunion episodes to assess the quality of their attachment

Answer 20

Strange Situation Procedure

Question 21

Children play and explore comfortably with their mother present, become visibly upset when she leaves, and are quickly calmed by her return.

Answer 21

secure attachment

Question 22

Children appear anxious even when their mother is near and protest excessively when she leaves, but they are not particularly comforted when she returns.

Answer 22

Anxious-ambivalent attachment

Question 23

Children seek little contact with their mother and often are not distressed when she leaves

Answer 23

Avoidant Attachment

Question 24

Children appear confused about whether they should approach or avoid their mother and are especially insecure

Answer 24

Disorganized-disoriented attachment

Question 25

Environmental influences

Answer 25

Tetrogens, Maternal nutrition, Maternal drug and alcohol use, stress and emotion, maternal illness, environmental toxins, and Fetal Origins of Adult Disease