ch. 14

Question 1

any circumstances that threaten or are perceived to threaten one’s well-being and that thereby tax one’s coping abilities.

Answer 1

stress

Question 2

concerned with how psychosocial factors relate to the promotion and maintenance of health and with the causation, prevention, and treatment of illness.

Answer 2

Health psychology

Question 3

an initial evaluation of whether an event is (1) irrelevant to you, (2) relevant but not threatening, or (3) stressful.

Answer 3

Primary appraisal

Question 4

an evaluation of your coping resources and options for dealing with the stress.

Answer 4

secondary appraisal

Question 5

_____are threatening events that have a relatively short duration and a clear endpoint.

Answer 5

Acute stressors

Question 6

_____are threatening events that have a relatively long duration and no readily apparent time limit.

Answer 6

Chronic stressors

Question 7

Sources/Types of Stress

Answer 7

frustration, conflict, change, pressure

Question 8

experienced whenever the pursuit of some goal is thwarted.

Answer 8

frustration

Question 9

occurs when two or more incompatible motivations or behavioural impulses compete for expression.

Answer 9

Conflict

Question 10

What are the three basic types of conflict

Answer 10

approach–approach, avoidance–avoidance, and approach-avoidance

Question 11

a choice must be made between two attractive goals.

Answer 11

approach–approach conflict

Question 12

a choice must be made between two unattractive goals.

Answer 12

avoidance–avoidance conflict

Question 13

a choice must be made about whether to pursue a single goal that has both attractive and unattractive aspects.

Answer 13

approach-avoidance conflict

Question 14

Any substantial alterations in one’s living circumstances that require readjustment.

Answer 14

Life changes

Question 15

involves expectations or demands that one behave in a certain way.

Answer 15

pressure

Question 16

a physiological reaction to a threat in which the autonomic nervous system mobilizes the organism for attacking or fleeing an enemy.

Answer 16

The fight-or-flight response

Question 17

a model of the body’s stress response, consisting of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

Answer 17

The general adaptation
syndrome

Question 18

refers to active efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands created by stress.

Answer 18

Coping

Question 19

is passive behaviour
produced by exposure to unavoidable aversive
events.

Answer 19

Learned helplessness

Question 20

When troubled by stress, many people engage in unwise patterns of eating, drinking, spending money, and so forth.

Answer 20

self-indulgence.

Question 21

are largely unconscious reactions that shield individuals from the unpleasant emotions so often elicited by stress

Answer 21

Defence mechanisms

Question 22

to refer to relatively healthful efforts that people make to deal with stressful events.

Answer 22

constructive coping

Question 23

involves physical and emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and a lowered sense of self-efficacy that can be brought on gradually by chronic work-related stress.

Answer 23

Burnout

Question 24

includes three elements:
(1) a strong competitive orientation, (2) impatience and time urgency, and (3) anger and hostility.

Answer 24

The Type A personality

Question 25

is marked by relatively relaxed, patient, easygoing, amicable behaviour.

Answer 25

Type B personality

Question 26

the body’s defensive
reaction to invasion by bacteria, viral agents, or
other foreign substances.

Answer 26

The immune response

Question 27

refers to various types of aid and emotional sustenance provided by members of one’s social networks.

Answer 27

Social support

Question 28

a general tendency to expect good outcomes.

Answer 28

Optimism

Question 29

a constellation of attitudes, beliefs, and behavioural tendencies that consists of three components: commitment, control, and challenge.

Answer 29

hardiness

Question 30

Why is conscientiousness associated with good physical health and increased longevity?

Answer 30

1. people who are high in conscientiousness are
   less likely than others to exhibit unhealthy habits
2. they tend to rely on constructive coping strategies and they are persistent in their efforts, so they may handle stressors better than others.
3. conscientiousness appears to promote better adherence to medical advice and more effective management of health problems.
4. conscientiousness is associated with higher educational attainment and job performance,

Question 31

capacity to grow in positive ways in response to negative events

Answer 31

post-traumatic growth