Ch 12 Flashcards by Victor Cohen

What are the three overlapping functions of the nervous system?

Sensory receptors monitor changes

Processes and interprets inputs

Dictates a motor response

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What are the two basic divisions in the nervous system?

The CNS

The PNS

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What is included in the CNS?

The brain and spinal cord

Integrating and command center

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What is included in the PNS?

Linking all regions of the body to the CNS

Cranial & spinal nerves
Ganglia
Clusters of neural cells

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What is afferent input?

Sensory input -Picked up by sensor receptors -PNS>CNS

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What is efferent output?

Motor output -CNS>PNS -Innervate muscles and glands

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What are the two types of afferent functions?

Somatic sensory

Visceral sensory

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What are the two types of efferent functions?

Somatic motor

Visceral motor

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What does the somatic sensory functions do?

Touch

Pain

Temperature

Pressure

Hearing

Equilibrium and vision

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What does the visceral sensory functions do?

Stretch

Pain

Temperature

Nausea and hunger

Taste and smell

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What do the somatic motor functions do?

Voluntary motor innervation of skeletal musles

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What do the visceral motor functions do?

Involuntary motor innervation of smooth and cardiac muscle

Glands

Autonomic Nervous System

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What are the two types of nervous tissue?

Neurons

Neurogial (Support cells)

Non-excitable
Surround and wrap neurons

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How many neurons are there?

Billons

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What is the basic unit of the nervous system?

The neuron

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What cells conduct the electrical impulses?

Neurons conduct signals along the plasma membrane

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What triggers nerve impulses?

Action potential

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What are dendrites?

Receptor cells conducting signals toward the cell body

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What are axons?

Transmit electrical signals away from the cell body

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What are multiple branches of axons called?

Axon terminals

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What is the axon hillock?

The axon hillock is the last site in the soma where membrane potentials propagated from synaptic inputs are summated before being transmitted to the axon.

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What is the synapse?

The site at which neurons communicate

Presynaptic neuron-synapse-postsynaptic neuron

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What is the synaptic cleft?

Separates the plasma membrane of the two neurons

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What is the direction signals pass?

Presynaptic neuron>postsynaptic neuron

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What is a synaptic vesicle?

A small secretory vesicle that contains a neurotransmitter, is found inside an axon near the presynaptic membrane, and releases its contents into the synaptic cleft

What is inside axon terminals?

Mitochondria

What are the five types of synapses?

Axodendritic, most common, between a neuron & another Axosomatic, between axons & neuronsal cells Uncommon: Axoaxonic, Dendrodendritic, & Dendrosomatic

What are the structural classifications of neurons?

Uniploar (pseudonipolar) Bipolar, found in the eye Multipolar, numerous dendrites & one axon

Functional classifications of neurons?

According to the direction the impulse travels - Afferent (sensory) - Efferent (motor) - Interneurons (association neurons)

What do afferent neurons do?

Transmit impulses towards CNS, and towards cell bodies in ganglia

What do efferent neurons do?

Carry impulses away from CNS to effector organs Most motor neurons are multipolar Cell bodies within the CNS

What do interneurons do?

Lie between motor and sensory neurons Confined to CNS Multipolar Most multipolar neurons are interneurons

What do supporting cells do?

Provide supportive functions for neurons Cover nonsynaptic regions of the neurons

What undesirable thing can glial cells do?

Can divide and create brain tumors

What cell type makes up half the brain?

Gilal cells

What is the least abundant glial cell type?

Microglia, smallest and least abundant

Where do glial cells obtain blood?

Monocytes white blood cells

What do ependymal cells do?

Circulate cerebral spinal fluid Utilize bear cilia

Where are oligodendrocytes located?

Around axons

What do oligodendrocytes do?

Product myelin sheaths in white matter

What is gray matter?

Neuron cell bodies

What is white matter?

Axons of neurons

What are nuclei?

A cluster of bodies in the CNS

What are ganglia?

A cluster of bodies in the PNS

What do satellite cells?

Surround neuron cell bodies within ganglia

What are neurolemmocytes also called?

Schwann cells

Where are Schwann cells located?

Around axons in the PNS

What is another name for myelin?

Lipoprotein

Where are myelin sheaths located?

Around axons

What do myelin sheaths do?

Prevent leakage of current and speed conduction

What is missing from thin axon cells?

Myelin sheaths

What are Nodes of Ranvier?

Gaps along axons like a string of sausage links

What do neurolemmacytes do?

Schwann cells that concentrically wrap axons

In which nervous system are Schwann cells located? In which nervous system are oligodendrocytes located?

PNS, CNS

Do oligoidendrocytes have single or multiple processes?

Multiple

What is gray matter composed of?

Neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons

Where is gray matter located?

Surroundes hollow CNS cavaties

Where do gray and white matter transpose?

Spinal cord

Where does white matter lie?

Internal to gray matter

What is white matter composted of?

Myelinated axons

What are tracts?

Bundles of axons traveling to similar destinations

What are nerves?

Cablelike organs in the PNS

What does endoneurium wrap?

Around entire axon and myelin sheath

What does perineurium wrap?

Around a single fascicle full of axons

What does epieurium wrap?

Around entire nerve full of facicles and axons

What do interneurons do?

Process and direct info to specific CNS regions Initiate motor responses

What are reflex arcs?

Rapid autonomic motor responses Visceral or somatic

What are two types of reflexes?

Monosynaptic reflex, fastest, knee-jerk Polysynaptic reflex, withdraw reflex, balance

What are the three neuronal circuits?

Diverging circuit, one synapse-many post synapse Converging circuit, many neurons converge onto one Reverberating circuit, feedback via collateral axons

Name the two types of input processing?

Serial and parallel

Where are interneurons located?

Between motor and sensory neurons

Are unipolar neurons afferent or efferent?

Afferent

Innervating nerves are in which division of the nervous system?

Efferent

Smell and taste nerves are in which division of the nervous system?

Afferent

Oligodenrocytes and Schwann cells are in which nervous system?

CNS, PNS Both wrap axons

Which are thicker, myelin or unmyelinated neurons?

Myelinated

What are in tracts?

Bundles of axons traveling in similar directions

Define synapse

Space between two neurons

What type of synapse is the most common?

Axodendritic

List the five steps in a reflex arc

Receptor Sensory neuron Integration Motor neuron Effector

Is withdraw reflex monosynaptic or polysynaptic?

Monosynaptic

What are the two cell types uses to circulate CSF?

Ependymal cells and bear cilia

What tissue surrounds an axon?

Endoeurium

Which cell is a phagocyte?

Microglia

Smooth muscle is controlled by what and in which nervous system?

Efferent division, visceral motor ANS

What kind of cells are around a sensory neuron?

Afferent

Define ganglia

Neuron cell clusters in the PNS

What are neurogial and glial cells?

Non-excitable cells that insulate neurons

What are monocytes?

Sells the develops into macrophages.

Contrast visceral from somatic

Visceral: internal to the ventral cavity Somatic: external to the ventral cavity such as skin, skeleton and skeletal muscles

Contrast nucleus from glanion

Nucleus: A cluster of neurons inside the brain Ganglion: A collection of neurons outside the CNS

Contrast gray matter and white matter

Contains unmyelinated nerve fibers Contains myelinated nerve fibers

What is another name for a cell body?

Soma

What are the most abundant CNS cells?

Astrocytes

Which colored matter is where neurons are clustered?

Gray matter

Which matter consists of axons running within the CNS?

White matter

Monosynaptic reflex

Knee-jerk Simplest reflex arc Stretch fibers-fastest

Polysynaptic reflex

Most common Interneurons in the circuit Withdraw reflex

What do ependymal cells do?

Line the spinal cord and brain to circulate CSF

What do microglia cells do?

Review nerve illustration

Review bipolar vs. multipolar neurons

Ch 12 Flashcards

(102 cards)