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Anatomy M01 Exam 3 > Ch 13 > Flashcards

Ch 13 Flashcards

(102 cards)

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1
Q

What is included in the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What does rostral and caudal mean?

A

Toward the snout

Toward the tail

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3
Q

What are the five most complex functions neural functions?

A

Intelligence

Consciousness

Memory

Sensory-motor integration

Innervation of the head

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4
Q

What four things protects the head?

A

Skull

Meninges

Cerebrospinal fluid

Blood-brain barrier

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5
Q

Describe the meminges from outer to innter

A

Dura mater (outer)

Arachnoid mater-seperates subdural & subarachnoid

Pia mater (inner)

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6
Q

Where is the choroid plexus located?

A

In the fourth ventricle, at the bottom of the cerebellum

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7
Q

What is the choroid plexus composed of?

A

Ependymal cells and capillaries

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8
Q

What do the ependymal cells make?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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9
Q

What is the pathway of the cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Lat. ventricle

Interventricular foramen

Third ventricle

Cerebral aqueduct

Fourth ventricle

Median & lateral apatures

Subanarchnoid space

Anarchnoid villus

Dura sinus (venus blood)

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10
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier?

A

A endolihelial cells and tight junctions that allows for nutrients to pass, plus alcohol, nicotine and anesthetics

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11
Q

What are the four regions of the brain?

A

Cerebelum

Diencephalon, thalamus/hypothalamus

Brain Stem, midbrain/pons, medulla

Cerebellum

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12
Q

What is the cortex composed of?

A

Outer: gray matter, neuronal cells

Inner: white matter, myelinated axons

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13
Q

What is basal nuclei?

A

Paired masses of gray matter within the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres

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14
Q

What is are the ventricles lined with?

A

Ependymal cells

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15
Q

What are the ventricles filled with?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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16
Q

Where is the lateral ventricles located?

A

In the cerebral hemispheres

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17
Q

Where is the third ventricle located?

A

In the diencephalon

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18
Q

Where is the fourth ventricle located?

A

In the hindbrain

Connects to the spinal cord

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19
Q

What connects the third and fourth ventricles?

A

The cerebra aqueduct

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20
Q

What is included in the brain stem?

A

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla oblongata

Cerebellum

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21
Q

The brain stem is known as the passageway for what?

A

All fiver tracts between the cerebrum and spinal cord

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22
Q

What does the brain stem do?

A

Survival behaviors

Movement

Digestion

Cardiovascular

Respiration

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23
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves attach to the brain stem?

A

10 of 12

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24
Q

What is the most caudal part of the brain stem?

A

The medulla oblongata

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25
Choroid plexus lies where?
In the roof of the fourth ventricle
26
Where is the decussation of the motor tracts?
The medulla oblongata
27
What is the reticular formation?
Parts of the brain stem involved with hiccuping, sneezing, swallowing and coughing
28
What is a bridge between the midbrain and medulla oblongata?
The pons
29
What does the pons do?
Motor functions
30
What do pontine nuclei do?
Motor functions
31
What do the cerebral penduncles do?
They help transport nerve impulses from the higher part of the brain (cortex) and the brain stem, or lower part of the brain.
32
Where is the cerebral aqueduct?
The central cavity of the midbrain
33
Where are the cerebral penduncles located?
The ventral surface of the brain
34
What is inside the cerebral penduncles?
Pyramidal corticosponal tracts
35
What connects the midbrain to the cerebellum?
The superior cerebellar penduncles
36
Where is the periaqueductal gray matter located?
Around the cerebral aquaduct
37
What does the periaqueductal gray matter do?
Fight-or-flight reaction Mediates response to pain
38
What does corpora quadrigemina mean?
Quadruplet bodies
39
What does corpora quadrigemina do?
Containing correlation centers for optic reflexes and the inferior pair containing correlation centers for auditory reflexes
40
What is the largest cell nuclei?
Corpora quadrigemina
41
What is the corpora quadrigemina divided into?
Superior colliculi: visual reflex Inferior colliculi: sound reflex
42
What are two pigmented nuclei in the midbrain?
Substantia nigra: black substance, reward, addiction, Parkinson's Red nucleus: motor control
43
What is mesencphalon?
Midbrain
44
What is the largest nucleus of the reticular formation?
Red nucleus
45
Where is the cerebellum locted?
Dorsal to the pons and medulla
46
What are the three regions of the cerebellum?
Cortex - gray matter Arbor vitae - white matter Deep cerebellar nuclei
47
Where does the cerebellum receive information from?
The cerebral cortex
48
What information does the cerebellum process?
Equilibrium Smooths and coordinates movements
49
What is another name of ridges in the cerebellum?
Folia
50
What are the cerebellum hemispheres subdivided into?
Anterior lobe Posterior lobe Flocculonodular lobe
51
What are the cerebellar penduncles connected to?
The cerebellum and the brain stem
52
What are the names of the cerebellar penduncles subdivisions?
Superior cerebellar penduncles Middle cerebellar penduncles Inferior cerebella penduncles
53
Which way do the fibers run to and from the cerebellum?
Ipsilateral (same side)
54
What is the central core of the brain?
The diencephalon
55
What is the diencephalon surrounded by?
The cerebral hemispheres
56
What three paired structures comprise the diencephalon?
Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus
57
What is the diencephalon composed of?
Gray matter
58
What makes up 80% of the diencephalon?
The thalamus
59
What is the gateway to the cerebral cortex?
The thalamus
60
Which parts of the brain communicate with the thalamus?
All of the brain
61
What does the thalamus do to signals passing through it?
Amplify or attenuate signals
62
The pituitary gland is connected to what?
The hypothalamus
63
What is at the roof of the third ventricle?
The epithalamus
64
What hormone does the epithalamus secrete?
Melatonin
65
What is 83% of all brain mass?
The hemispheres
66
What are sulci?
Grooves
67
What are gyri?
Twisted ridges
68
What does the frontal hemispheres do?
Muscle control, personality, higher intelligence, verbal communication
69
What does the parietal hemisphere do?
Sensation and speech
70
What does the occipital hemisphere do?
Seeing
71
What does the temporal hemisphere do?
Hearing
72
What are the three main sulcus?
Central Pareital-occpital Lateral
73
What does the insula do?
Deep to the lateral sulcus and cerebra cortex Conscienousness
74
What does the cerebral cortex do?
Conscienousness
75
What is 40% of the brain's mass?
Cerebral cortex
76
What are Broadmann areas?
52 areas in the cerebral cortex
77
What does the somatosensory cortex do?
Conscienousness, spacial discremination, Somatic senses (perceived externally)
78
What does the premotor cortex do?
Controls complex movements Planning of movements
79
What does Broca's area do? Where on the brain is it?
Controls emotional overtones to speech
80
What do basal ganglia do?
Motor control
81
What does basal forebrain nuclei do?
Memory
82
What does the clastrum do?
Unknown
83
What does the amygdala do?
Fear
84
Where is the amygdala located?
In the cerebrum
85
Where is the limbic system located?
In the amygdala
86
What does the limbic system do?
The emotional brain
87
What is cingulate gyrus?
Shift between thoughts, interprets pain as unplesant
88
What does the reticular activating system (RAS) do?
Sleep/wake cycle Malfunctions with narcolepsy Consciousness
89
Name the XII cranial nerves
I. Olfactory, smell II. Optic, vision sense III. Oculomotor, eye muscles IV. Trochlear, eye muscles V. Trigeminal, face VI. Abducens, eye muscle VII. Facial, expression VIII. Vestibolocochlear, hearing and balance IX. Glossopharyngeal, tongue and phyranyx X. Vagus, organs XI. Accessory, trapezius XII. Hypoglossal, tongue
90
Where is the midbrain located?
Between the diencephalon and the pons
91
What is the fornix?
C-shaped bundle of fibers
92
Where do the optic nerves cross?
Optic chiasma
93
What does Wernicke's areas do? Where on the brain is it?
Speech
94
Name the XII paris of cranial nerves
95
Name the sensory functions of the XII pairs of cranial nerves
96
What are the four regions of the brain?
97
What are the five facial nerves?
98
Name the ventricles
99
How thick is the cerebral cortex?
3 mm gray matter outer thickness
100
What area of the brain is responsible for intelligence?
Left prefrontal cortex Left temporal cortex Left parietal cortex
101
What does afferent mean?
Sensory (towards the brain)
102
What does efferent mean?
Motor (away from the brain)

Anatomy M01 Exam 3 (10 decks)

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