Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > Ch. 12 Coordination and response > Flashcards

Ch. 12 Coordination and response Flashcards

(75 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are stimuli?

A

Changes in the organism’s environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are stimuli sensed by?

A

Receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are effectors?

A

Part of body which responds to stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is necessary between receptors and effectors?

A

Communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What’s coordination?

A

The way in which receptors detect stimuli and pass information to effectors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are nerves?

A

A group of neurone axons lying together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are ways into which informations are transmissed?

A
  1. Nerves
  2. Chemicals (hormones)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are neurones?

A

Cells used to conduct electrical impulses rapidly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do neutrons contain?

A

Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is an axon?

A

A fibre of cytoplasm that extends from body cell of a neurone, allows it to pass information quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Shorter fibres of cytoplasm extending from cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are nerve impulses?

A

Electrical signals that pass rapidly along an axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are nerve impulses picked up by? What are they passed to?

A

Picked up by dendrites, passed to cell body, then to axon, then to next neurone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the two nervous system?

A
  1. CNS
  2. PNS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What’s CNS? What is it made up by?

A
  1. Central nervous system
  2. Made up by brain and spinal chord
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What’s PNS? What is it made up by?

A
  1. Peripheral nervous system
  2. Made up by nerves extending from brain and spinal chord
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does neurone transmission work?

A

Sensory receptor detects something
Receptor starts off electrical impulse
Sensory neurone carries impulse from sensory receptor
Relay neurone passes impulse to brain and to motor neurone
Motor neurone passes impulse to effector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

The pathway the nerve impulse (sensory neurone, relay neurone, motor neurone) passes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What’s a reflex action?

A

A means of automatically and rapidly integrating and coordinating stimuli with the response of effectors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are synaptic gaps?

A

Gaps between a pair of neurones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are synapses?

A

End of two neurones + small gap between them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do synapses work?

A

Ends of neurone contain vesicles
vesicles contain neurotransmitter
electrical impulse causes vesicles to move
vesicles attach to end of neurone
vesicles empty content (neurotransmitter)
neurotransmitter attach to receptor proteins
this binding causes an electrical impulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why are synapses important?

A

They are a one way valve which ensures travel in only one direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are sense organs?

A

A group of cells that respond to a specific stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the retina?
A tissue at the back of the eye that contains receptor cells that respond to light
26
Why are eyes always humid?
Because a fluid containing lysozyme (bacteria killer enzyme) is washed across eye by eyelids
27
Where does retina send electrical impulse?
Through optic nerve
28
What is the blind spot?
The part where optic nerves leaves ad where there are no receptor cells
29
What is the fovea?
The part where the receptor cells are packed most closely together
30
What are rods?
A kind of receptor which is sensitive to dim light but not colour
31
What are cones?
A kind of receptor which is sensitive to colour but only functions when we have bright light
32
What does fovea contain and where?
Cones packed tightly in centre of cornea Rods packed less tightly and found further out on the retina
33
What's the iris?
The coloured part of an eye, contains muscles that can alter the size of the pupil
34
What's the pupil?
The circular gap in the middle of the iris
35
What are circular muscles?
Muscles contained in iris
36
Where are circular muscles arranged in?
In circles around the pupil
37
What happens when circular muscles contract?
They make pupils get smaller
38
Where are radial muscles?
Run outwards from the edge of the pupil
39
What happens when radial muscles contract?
They make the pupil dilate
40
What's the iris reflex?
An automatic response to a change in the light intensity
41
What are antagonistic muscles?
A pair of muscles whose contraction has opposite effect
42
What is refraction?
Bending light rays
43
What is the cornea?
A transparent layer which refracts the rays entering the eye
44
How does light entering the eye work?
Rays enter, cornea makes most refraction, lens make adjustments
45
What is the lens?
A transparent structure in eye which changes shape to focus retina
46
How are the rays from a distant object?
Diverging only lightly
47
How is the lens when focusing a distant object?
Very thin
48
Why is lens so thin when focusing distant object?
Because the light needs to be refracted very lightly
49
How are rays coming from nearby object?
Diverging a lot
50
Thicker the lens?
More the bent
51
What is accommodation?
The adjustment in the shape of the lens
52
What is lens held in suspension by?
By suspensory ligaments
53
How is the shape of the lens altered?
By means of ciliary muscle
54
What happens when ciliary muscle contracts?
1. Suspensory muscles relax 2. Lens is allowed to bulge
55
hat happens when ciliary muscle relaxes?
1. Suspensory muscles contract 2. Lens is pulled tight
56
What are hormones?
Chemicals that are produced by a gland and carried in the blood (plasma)
57
What do hormones target?
A specific organ
58
Where are hormones made?
In special glands called endocrine glands
59
What are target organs?
Organs whose activity is altered by a hormone
60
Adrenal gland, what hormones does it produce, what does the hormone do
Produces adrenaline, prepares body for vigorous exercise
61
Pancreas, what hormone does it produce, what does the hormone do
1. Insulin --> reduces concentration of glucose in blood 2. Glucagon --> increases the concentration of glucose in the blood
62
Testis, what hormone does it produce, what does hormone do
Testosterone, causes the development of male secondary sexual characteristics
63
Ovary, what hormone does it produce, what does hormone do
Oestrogen, causes development of female secondary sexual characteristics
64
Where are the adrenal glands?
One above each kidney
65
What does adrenaline do?
Trigger fight or flight response
66
What does fight or flight response consist in? Why?
Accelerates heart rate, more breathing --> muscles can carry out aerobic respiration more quickly
67
What else does adrenaline do? What happens with extra it?
Causes liver to release glucose --> muscles increase metabolic activity
68
How do plants react to stimuli?
By changing their direction of growth
69
What are growth responses called?
Tropisms
70
What is phototropism?
Growth response to light
71
What is gravitropism?
Growth response to gravity
72
How can tropisms be?
Positive (towards something) or negative (away from it)
73
What is auxin?
A plant hormone made in the tips of shoots
74
What does auxin do?
Cause cells to elongate
75
What happens when we shoot light on only one side of plant?
Auxin concentrates on the other, causes that side to grow more so plant bends towards light

Biology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions