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Biology > Ch. 12 Coordination and response > Flashcards

Ch. 12 Coordination and response Flashcards

1
Q

What are stimuli?

A

Changes in the organism’s environment

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2
Q

What are stimuli sensed by?

A

Receptors

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3
Q

What are effectors?

A

Part of body which responds to stimulus

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4
Q

What is necessary between receptors and effectors?

A

Communication

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5
Q

What’s coordination?

A

The way in which receptors detect stimuli and pass information to effectors

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6
Q

What are nerves?

A

A group of neurone axons lying together

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7
Q

What are ways into which informations are transmissed?

A
  1. Nerves
  2. Chemicals (hormones)
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8
Q

What are neurones?

A

Cells used to conduct electrical impulses rapidly

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9
Q

What do neutrons contain?

A

Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane

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10
Q

What is an axon?

A

A fibre of cytoplasm that extends from body cell of a neurone, allows it to pass information quickly

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11
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Shorter fibres of cytoplasm extending from cell body

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12
Q

What are nerve impulses?

A

Electrical signals that pass rapidly along an axon

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13
Q

What are nerve impulses picked up by? What are they passed to?

A

Picked up by dendrites, passed to cell body, then to axon, then to next neurone

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14
Q

What are the two nervous system?

A
  1. CNS
  2. PNS
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15
Q

What’s CNS? What is it made up by?

A
  1. Central nervous system
  2. Made up by brain and spinal chord
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16
Q

What’s PNS? What is it made up by?

A
  1. Peripheral nervous system
  2. Made up by nerves extending from brain and spinal chord
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17
Q

How does neurone transmission work?

A

Sensory receptor detects something
Receptor starts off electrical impulse
Sensory neurone carries impulse from sensory receptor
Relay neurone passes impulse to brain and to motor neurone
Motor neurone passes impulse to effector

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18
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

The pathway the nerve impulse (sensory neurone, relay neurone, motor neurone) passes

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19
Q

What’s a reflex action?

A

A means of automatically and rapidly integrating and coordinating stimuli with the response of effectors

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20
Q

What are synaptic gaps?

A

Gaps between a pair of neurones

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21
Q

What are synapses?

A

End of two neurones + small gap between them

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22
Q

How do synapses work?

A

Ends of neurone contain vesicles
vesicles contain neurotransmitter
electrical impulse causes vesicles to move
vesicles attach to end of neurone
vesicles empty content (neurotransmitter)
neurotransmitter attach to receptor proteins
this binding causes an electrical impulse

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23
Q

Why are synapses important?

A

They are a one way valve which ensures travel in only one direction

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24
Q

What are sense organs?

A

A group of cells that respond to a specific stimulus

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25
Q

What is the retina?

A

A tissue at the back of the eye that contains receptor cells that respond to light

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26
Q

Why are eyes always humid?

A

Because a fluid containing lysozyme (bacteria killer enzyme) is washed across eye by eyelids

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27
Q

Where does retina send electrical impulse?

A

Through optic nerve

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28
Q

What is the blind spot?

A

The part where optic nerves leaves ad where there are no receptor cells

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29
Q

What is the fovea?

A

The part where the receptor cells are packed most closely together

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30
Q

What are rods?

A

A kind of receptor which is sensitive to dim light but not colour

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31
Q

What are cones?

A

A kind of receptor which is sensitive to colour but only functions when we have bright light

32
Q

What does fovea contain and where?

A

Cones packed tightly in centre of cornea
Rods packed less tightly and found further out on the retina

33
Q

What’s the iris?

A

The coloured part of an eye, contains muscles that can alter the size of the pupil

34
Q

What’s the pupil?

A

The circular gap in the middle of the iris

35
Q

What are circular muscles?

A

Muscles contained in iris

36
Q

Where are circular muscles arranged in?

A

In circles around the pupil

37
Q

What happens when circular muscles contract?

A

They make pupils get smaller

38
Q

Where are radial muscles?

A

Run outwards from the edge of the pupil

39
Q

What happens when radial muscles contract?

A

They make the pupil dilate

40
Q

What’s the iris reflex?

A

An automatic response to a change in the light intensity

41
Q

What are antagonistic muscles?

A

A pair of muscles whose contraction has opposite effect

42
Q

What is refraction?

A

Bending light rays

43
Q

What is the cornea?

A

A transparent layer which refracts the rays entering the eye

44
Q

How does light entering the eye work?

A

Rays enter, cornea makes most refraction, lens make adjustments

45
Q

What is the lens?

A

A transparent structure in eye which changes shape to focus retina

46
Q

How are the rays from a distant object?

A

Diverging only lightly

47
Q

How is the lens when focusing a distant object?

A

Very thin

48
Q

Why is lens so thin when focusing distant object?

A

Because the light needs to be refracted very lightly

49
Q

How are rays coming from nearby object?

A

Diverging a lot

50
Q

Thicker the lens?

A

More the bent

51
Q

What is accommodation?

A

The adjustment in the shape of the lens

52
Q

What is lens held in suspension by?

A

By suspensory ligaments

53
Q

How is the shape of the lens altered?

A

By means of ciliary muscle

54
Q

What happens when ciliary muscle contracts?

A
  1. Suspensory muscles relax
  2. Lens is allowed to bulge
55
Q

hat happens when ciliary muscle relaxes?

A
  1. Suspensory muscles contract
  2. Lens is pulled tight
56
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemicals that are produced by a gland and carried in the blood (plasma)

57
Q

What do hormones target?

A

A specific organ

58
Q

Where are hormones made?

A

In special glands called endocrine glands

59
Q

What are target organs?

A

Organs whose activity is altered by a hormone

60
Q

Adrenal gland, what hormones does it produce, what does the hormone do

A

Produces adrenaline, prepares body for vigorous exercise

61
Q

Pancreas, what hormone does it produce, what does the hormone do

A
  1. Insulin –> reduces concentration of glucose in blood
  2. Glucagon –> increases the concentration of glucose in the blood
62
Q

Testis, what hormone does it produce, what does hormone do

A

Testosterone, causes the development of male secondary sexual characteristics

63
Q

Ovary, what hormone does it produce, what does hormone do

A

Oestrogen, causes development of female secondary sexual characteristics

64
Q

Where are the adrenal glands?

A

One above each kidney

65
Q

What does adrenaline do?

A

Trigger fight or flight response

66
Q

What does fight or flight response consist in? Why?

A

Accelerates heart rate, more breathing –> muscles can carry out aerobic respiration more quickly

67
Q

What else does adrenaline do? What happens with extra it?

A

Causes liver to release glucose –> muscles increase metabolic activity

68
Q

How do plants react to stimuli?

A

By changing their direction of growth

69
Q

What are growth responses called?

A

Tropisms

70
Q

What is phototropism?

A

Growth response to light

71
Q

What is gravitropism?

A

Growth response to gravity

72
Q

How can tropisms be?

A

Positive (towards something) or negative (away from it)

73
Q

What is auxin?

A

A plant hormone made in the tips of shoots

74
Q

What does auxin do?

A

Cause cells to elongate

75
Q

What happens when we shoot light on only one side of plant?

A

Auxin concentrates on the other, causes that side to grow more so plant bends towards light

Biology (12 decks)

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