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MCAT Psych/Soc > Ch. 12- Culture, Demographics, and Inequality > Flashcards

Ch. 12- Culture, Demographics, and Inequality Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

culture

A

the common practices and shared understandings that bind us together in a human society

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2
Q

material culture

A

our stuff/physical artifacts of culture

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3
Q

symbolic culture

A

everything about culture that’s not physical (beliefs, values, rituals, symbols)

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4
Q

beliefs

A

general cultural consensus of how the world works

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5
Q

values

A

convictions about how the world should be, how people should act, and what should be prioritized

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6
Q

rituals

A

actions that have a script

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7
Q

symbols

A

a “shorthand” method of conveying the meaning of something

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8
Q

language

A

means through which we communicate about various cultural concepts

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9
Q

subcultures

A

groups of people in a larger framework of people that have either additional cultural practices/norms, or certain cultural traits that are at odds with the surrounding society

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10
Q

countercultures

A

subcultures in opposition to the surrounding culture (ie. hippies)

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11
Q

mass media

A

radio, TV, newspapers, magazines, internet, etc. broad diffusion of messages.

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12
Q

popular/pop culture

A

uses mass media to centralize and standardize culture

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13
Q

culture lag

A

changes in material culture (ie. technology) can happen more quickly than society can keep up with

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14
Q

culture shock

A

disorienting experience of immersion in a new culture

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15
Q

assimilation

A

integration into the predominant culture

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16
Q

multiculturalism

A

preservation of previous cultures when you’re put into a new culture

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17
Q

cultural transmission

A

cultural elements are transferred from one generation to the next

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18
Q

cultural diffusion

A

cultural elements may be passed from one population to another

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19
Q

examples of demographic categories include? (7)

A

age (absolute years and age cohorts/generations), sex, gender, sexual orientation, race, ethnicity, immigration status

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20
Q

gender roles

A

norms and expectations for a certain gender

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21
Q

gender schema

A

how we cognitively organize information about gender, and how we perceive the world through the lens of gender

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22
Q

gender script

A

expectations about how the different genders should act in situations

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23
Q

gender segregation

A

social institutions where people are separated by gender (ie. bathrooms)

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24
Q

race

A

physical characteristics associated with descent from certain populations

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25
racialization
when a racial identity is externally imposed on someone
26
race formation theory
racialization is used by power structures to reach political or social goals
27
ethnicity
someone's cultural background
28
demographic transition
society transfers from a pattern of high deathrate/high birthrate to low deathrate/low birthrate.
29
demographic transition stage 1
high death rate and high birth rate (stable or slightly increasing population)
30
demographic transition stage 2
death rate decreases but birth rate remains high (population spike)
31
demographic transition stage 3
slow decrease in death rate, drop in birth rate (slower population expansion)
32
demographic transition stage 4
both birth rate and death rate are low (stable population)
33
demographic transition stage 5
lower birth rate than death rate (decreasing population)
34
what options are there for immigration status?
citizen, permanent resident, visa, or undocumented
35
stage 1 population pyramid points
sharp, curved pyramid with a tiny top and wide base
36
stage 2 population pyramid points
regular triangular pyramid
37
stage 3 population pyramid points
straight base with pyramid on top
38
stage 4 population pyramid points
bullet-shaped dome
39
stage 5 population pyramid points
base becomes narrower than the top
40
dependency ratio
ratio of dependents to working class providers (higher ratio = population aging)
41
how are birth rate and death rate usually reported?
by births or deaths per 1,000, can be age- or sex-specific
42
how are fertility rates usually reported?
by births per year per woman of reproductive age, can also be age-specific.
43
emigration
moving out of a country (affected by push factors)
44
immigration
moving into a country (affected by pull factors)
45
push factors
factors that lead people to emigrate from countries (war, poverty, violence)
46
pull factors
factors that lead people to immigrate to countries (economic prosperity, social stability)
47
world systems theory
created to understand globalization/increasing links between geographically distant countries. it divides countries into core, semi-peripheral, and peripheral nations.
48
core nations
high-skill labor, requires intensive capital investment (US, Canada, Western Europe, Australia)
49
semi-peripheral nations
not quite core and not quite peripheral nations (China, India, Indonesia, Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, South Africa)
50
peripheral nations
lower-skilled labor and natural resources (most of the developing world)
51
urban decay
people moving out of cities
52
urban renewal
people moving back into cities
53
gentrification
people moving back into cities and displacing lower-income, working-class communities from their established neighborhoods
54
proactive social movements
seek to make a certain kind of change happen
55
reactive social movements
seek to prevent change
56
relative deprivation
a person doesn't have things other people around them do, or doesn't have things they're used to having.
57
class systems
formed based on income, mobility between them is possible
58
caste system
hereditary assignment of social status
59
social capital
"wealth" you have through social network and contacts
60
cultural capital
the traits signaling membership in a higher class of society
61
class consciousness
you identify as a member of a class and advocate for the interests of that class
62
false consciousness
focusing on other parts of their identity so much you forget about class, and may buy into incorrect ideas about social class or mobility
63
power
the ability to get things done, influence others, or to shape the world the way you want.
64
prestige
signals that appear to be associated with power (ie. a degree, type of school, car, etc.)
65
privilege
favorable assumptions/advantages due to features such as race, sex, and physical characteristics
66
intersectionality
experiences of an individual are more than the sum of the component demographics
67
absolute poverty
insufficient means to subsist
68
relative poverty
poorer than the surrounding community
69
marginal poverty
caused by a lack of stable employment
70
structual poverty
caused and enforced by overall economic structure
71
residential segregation
clustering of demographic groups
72
social reproduction
passing on social status to the next generation (especially poverty/inequality)
73
global inequalities
differences between countries
74
prevalence
how many people in a population have a condition at a given time
75
incidence
how many individuals in a population are newly diagnosed with a condition over a given time frame
76
intergenerational mobility
ability for successive generations to rise or fall in status or class
77
intragenerational mobility
events within a person's lifetime that change their status or class
78
vertical mobility
rise or fall in income
79
horizontal mobility
keeping the same income but changing occupation (or losing occupation altogether)
80
meritocracy
promotion, advancement, and success are based on an individual's capabilities
81
socioeconomic status
how affluent or poor you are
82
exchange mobility
views basic socioeconomic structure as being stable, so if you move up, someone else has to move down.
83
structural mobility
views basic socioeconomic structure as not stable, so moving people up or down can cause many people to be enriched or impoverished at the same time (ie. Great Depression)

MCAT Psych/Soc (12 decks)

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