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MCAT Psych/Soc > Ch.7- Motivation, Attitude, and Personality > Flashcards

Ch.7- Motivation, Attitude, and Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

motivation from inside oneself- we find something rewarding on its own

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2
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

motivation from outside oneself- some other reward (money)

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3
Q

instincts

A

hardwired, fixed behavioral patterns, more complex than reflexes

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4
Q

motivation

A

drives our actions

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5
Q

drive reduction theory of motivation

A

our motivation depends on getting our bodies to homeostasis, and disturbing homeostasis produces drives that we want to reduce.

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6
Q

primary drives

A

physiological and innate drives (heat, food, sleep)

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7
Q

secondary drives

A

learned drives (non-essentials)

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8
Q

what is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

physiological < safety < love/belonging < esteem < self-actualization

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9
Q

Maslow- physiological needs

A

breathing, food, sleep, water, sex, homeostasis, excretion

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10
Q

Maslow- safety needs

A

bodily security, employment, resources, family, health, property

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11
Q

Maslow- love/belonging needs

A

friendship, family, sexual intimacy

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12
Q

Maslow- esteem needs

A

self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect by and for others

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13
Q

Maslow- self-actualization needs

A

morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts

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14
Q

psychological arousal

A

how alert and engaged you are. people are motivated to engage in actions that optimize arousal (we don’t like to be bored, but also we don’t like to be overwhelmed)

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15
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law

A

our performance at various tasks is optimized at medium levels of arousal

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16
Q

incentive theory of motivation

A

humans respond rationally to external incentives

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17
Q

primary reinforcers

A

rewards that correspond to basic physiological needs

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18
Q

secondary reinforcers

A

rewards that are not innate and must be learned

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19
Q

expectancy-value theory

A

motivation will be highest if you expect to succeed and the goal is worth it

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20
Q

self-determination theory

A

you need competence, autonomy, and relatedness for intrinsic motivation

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21
Q

opponent-process theory

A

after an initial intense reaction, the opposite reaction is triggered and over time can dominate

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22
Q

what 3 components do attitudes have?

A

ABC- affective, behavioral, and cognitive.

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23
Q

affective component of attitude

A

the feelings we have toward someone or something

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24
Q

behavioral component of attitude

A

how we act concerning the thing in question

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25
cognitive component of attitude
our underlying analytical perceptions of the object of the attitude
26
foot-in-the-door technique
first get someone to agree to a small request, which can induce compliance with a larger request
27
Thomas theorem
if people define situations as real, they have real consequences
28
cognitive dissonance
when the beliefs or knowledge we have doesn't line up with our actions
29
elaboration likelihood model
explains different ways that people can be persuaded
30
central route of processing
making a rational decision based on a thorough consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of the possible choices
31
peripheral route of processing
making decisions based on gut reactions, surface-level characteristics, and often in response to cues of credibility/desirability of the message
32
what two things do you need to use as part of the central route of processing?
motivation and capacity (you need the ability to do it and you also have to care)
33
capacity
intellectual, attentional, + time-related resources needed to use the central route of processing
34
personality
part of our psychological constitution that is more stable than motivation and attitudes
35
Erikson's stages of development
each life stage comes with a conflict to resolve, and successfully resolving the conflicts = healthy development
36
what are the main stages of Erikson's stages of development?
1. 0-1 yrs, trust vs. mistrust 2. 1-3 yrs, autonomy vs. shame/doubt 3.
37
trust vs. mistrust stage of development
0-1 yrs, an infant discovers whether they can trust the world based on interaction with caregivers -> hope
38
autonomy vs. shame/doubt stage of development
1-3 yrs, toddlers explore the world, and whether they feel supported or not = are they allowed to be themselves -> will
39
initiative vs. guilt stage of development
3-6 yrs, kids engage in self-directed activities with purpose = are they allowed to take initiative -> purpose
40
industry vs. inferiority stage of development
6-12 yrs, learning to do things, diligence, discipline, immediate gratification deferment = can they make it in the world -> competence
41
identity vs. role confusion stage of development
12-20 yrs, figure out who you are/sense of self = who am I, what's my potential -> fidelity
42
intimacy vs. isolation stage of development
20-40 yrs, committing to other people and forming deep relationships, can I commit to others and things -> love
43
generativity vs. stagnation
40-65 yrs, whether you can make your life count for something, contributing to society, can I live and work in a way that matters -> care
44
integrity vs. despair
65-death, you look back on your life and take stock of it, is it ok to have been me, did I live a good life -> wisdom
45
what are Kohlberg's stages of moral development?
preconventional: obedience, then self interest conventional: conformity, then law and order post-conventional: social contract, then universal human ethics
46
preconventional moral development
childhood, obedience then self interest
47
conventional moral development
adolescence, conformity then law & order
48
postconventional moral development
adulthood, social contact then universal human ethics
49
Freud's components of the psyche
id, ego, and superego
50
id
part of the psyche that consists of many animalian instincts
51
pleasure principle
the reason for immediate gratification whenever possible
52
wish-fulfillment
mental escapes into id-driven fantasies
53
ego
part of the psyche that interacts with the world
54
reality principle
navigates between the conflict of the impulses of the id and what is actually possible in the real world
55
superego
part of the psyche that is our ideal version of ourselves
56
ego-ideal
the ideal version of ourselves
57
what two parts of the psyche are the basis of life?
the id and superego- we have to cope with it somehow.
58
regression
returning to an earlier developmental stage to cope
59
reaction formation
unconscious transmutation of unacceptable desires into their opposites to cope
60
displacement
a desire has an unacceptable target and the target is transferred to a more acceptable target to cope
61
sublimation
redirection of desires that are unacceptable into another behavior to cope
62
projection
placing one's own uncomfortable feelings onto other people to cope
63
rationalization
coming up with excuses for feelings
64
suppression
consciously disregarding uncomfortable feelings
65
repression
unconsciously disregarding uncomfortable feelings
66
Freud's psychosexual stages
oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital
67
oral psychosexual stage
0-1 yrs, libido centered in mouth
68
anal psychosexual stage
1-3 yrs, libido centered in anus
69
phallic psychosexual stage
3-5 yrs, libido centered in genitals
70
latent psychosexual stage
5 yrs - puberty, libido sublimated, relatively stable
71
genital psychosexual stage
puberty-adulthood, normal sexual relationships if previous stages have been resolved
72
Oedipus conflict/Electra complex
in the phallic stage, boys want to metaphorically possess their mothers, and girls want to metaphorically possess their fathers
73
Carl Jung's collective unconscious
people have universal patterns of thought and behavior: archetypes including the persona, shadow, anima/animus
74
behaviorism
includes observation about overt behaviors, not concerned with internal states
75
humanistic psychology
empathy, unconditional positive regard, and self-actualization, are important
76
trait theories of personality
attempt to categorize personalities into a taxonomy of traits (Big 5, PEN)
77
Big Five personality traits
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
78
PEN model traits
psychoticism (nonconformity), extraversion, neuroticism
79
type theories of personality
categorize personality by discrete types, generally not considered to be very reliable (astrology, MBTI)
80
social cognitive perspective (Bandura)
reciprocal determinism- our relationships shape our behavior and our behavior shapes our relationships.
81
biological perspective of personality
focuses on genetic factors of personality

MCAT Psych/Soc (12 decks)

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