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MCAT Psych/Soc > Ch. 6- Memory, Learning, Emotion, Stress > Flashcards

Ch. 6- Memory, Learning, Emotion, Stress Flashcards

1
Q

encoding

A

transformation of sensory input into a cognitive object (may be visual, auditory, or semantic)

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2
Q

priming

A

our response to stimuli AFTER we’ve experienced before is a little different

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3
Q

chunking

A

breaking up a complex stimulus into chunks to make it easier to encode

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4
Q

what are three major ways to encode information?

A

chunking, mnemonics, and method of loci

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5
Q

negative priming

A

when a prior stimulus inhibits our processing of a current stimulus (ie. Stroop task)

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6
Q

what are the three temporal categories of memory?

A

instantaneous, brief, and lifelong

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7
Q

sensory memory

A

instantaneous memory, where we sift through a lot of background noise info that we have taken in without rehearsal, and decide what’s important to remember.

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8
Q

long-term memory

A

minutes to years

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9
Q

short-term memory

A

ability to store information on the time scale of ~10sec to 30sec.

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10
Q

7+2 rule

A

you can generally store 5 to 9 things in short-term memory

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11
Q

working memory

A

cognitive and attentional processes that we use to analyze the info we have in short-term memory. includes the visuospatial sketchpad

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12
Q

explicit memory

A

(declarative memory), memory of specific pieces of information (semantic and episodic)

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13
Q

implicit memory

A

remembering how to do something (ie. riding a bike), includes procedural memory

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14
Q

flashbulb memory

A

phenomenon that we have very vivid memories of good and bad things both

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15
Q

eidetic memory

A

(photographic memory), ability to remember a stimulus in great detail after a relatively short exposure to it

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16
Q

iconic memory

A

how highly-detailed images can remain in our perception for a brief period of time (a couple seconds) AFTER the stimulus has changed to something else.

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17
Q

prospective memory

A

memories related to plans to do something in the future

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18
Q

spreading activation

A

when a concept is brought to mind, activation spreads across adjacent nodes of a conceptual network

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19
Q

schemas

A

ways in which we organize our knowledge and perceptions about the world

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20
Q

source monitoring errors

A

we have a memory or piece of knowledge that is correct BUT we misattribute the source where we got it from

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21
Q

retrieval

A

grabbing memories from stored knowledge

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22
Q

recall

A

active process of fishing out info from your brain

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23
Q

recognition

A

passive process of fishing out info from your brain

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24
Q

semantic activation

A

primes us to retrieve concepts faster when they are near other concepts that we already have activated

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25
primacy effect
you're most likely to remember things at the beginning of a list
26
recency effect
you're most likely to remember things at the end of a list
27
serial position effect
the extreme ends of a list are more likely to be remembered than the parts in the middle
28
spacing effect
we remember information better when we space out when we view it
29
dual-coding effect
studying in multiple ways (ie. visual and reading) is more effective than just one
30
are more emotional moments or less emotional moments more likely to become memories?
emotional moments are more likely
31
state-dependent memory
remembering something based on the association with a specific emotion felt at the time of learning
32
context-dependent memory
remembering something based on the context (physical setting)
33
misinformation effect
information we obtain after an event can affect how we remember the event
34
reproductive memory
we encode information and reproduce it as needed (not good model of memory)
35
reconstructive memory
we build our memories based on our perceptions, information we have, etc.
36
Ebbinghaus forgetting curve
if you repeat learning things, you won't forget them as easily
37
proactive interference
old memories inhibit the consolidation or retrieval of new memories
38
retroactive interference
new memories or knowledge interfere with the older ones
39
amnesia
losing memory of entire experiences, periods of time, or large amounts of information
40
retrograde amnesia
inability to remember previous events
41
anterograde amnesia
inability to form new memories
42
what are two disorders that are related to amnesia?
Alzheimer's and Korsakoff's syndrome
43
What is Alzheimer's disease-type memory loss?
long-term dementia, neurofibrillary tangles (tau proteins, beta-amyloid plaques), retrograde and anterograde amnesia
44
What is Korsakoff's syndrome-type memory loss?
retrograde and anterograde amnesia, confabulation (making up stories they're convinced are real)
45
neuroplasticity
ability of the brain to rewire itself in response to learning new info or to compensate for disease or injuries
46
associative learning
conditioning
47
unconditioned stimulus
a stimulus that normally causes a response (that you don't have to change anything about it for it to work)
48
unconditioned response
a normal response to a stimulus (you don't have to change the stimulus to get it)
49
neutral stimulus
a stimulus that doesn't produce a response
50
acquisition
a successful process of forming a conditioned response to a stimulus
51
conditioned stimulus
a stimulus that normally doesn't produce a response, but it does now because you've made it become associated with some other thing that does produce a response.
52
conditioned response
a response that normally is an unconditioned response, but is shown when a neutral stimulus has successfully become paired to an unconditioned stimulus/response
53
extinction
if you stop linking the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus, you'll stop getting the conditioned response
54
habituation
repeated stimuli = less response over time
55
dishabituation
you become habituated to a stimulus, an intervening stimulus then makes you re-sensitized
56
spontaneous recovery
under some circumstances, the conditioned response can re-emerge without requiring a whole new conditioning process but the response is less strong every time
57
stimulus generalization
you generalize the stimulus to other similar stimuli
58
stimulus discrimination
you exclude certain stimuli so you only react to one or a specific set of stimuli
59
operant conditioning
incentivizing behavior to produce specific behavioral results
60
reinforcement
a consequence that increases the frequency of a behavior
61
punishment
a consequence that decreases the frequency of a behavior
62
what are positive vs. negative stimuli?
positive = add something, negative = remove something
63
escape learning
behavior aimed to stop an ongoing aversive or unpleasant stimulus
64
avoidance learning
behavior aimed to prevent an aversive or unpleasant stimulus from happening in the first place
65
fixed ratio
every set number of hits = reward
66
variable ratio
in an average range of hits = reward (CASINOS!)
67
fixed interval
every set period of time = reward
68
variable interval
in an average time range = reward
69
which type of reinforcement schedule increase the behavior the most and are most resistant to extinction?
variable-ratio (CASINOS)
70
shaping
rewarding progressive approximations of a target behavior
71
capturing
waiting for the specific behavior to happen in order to reward
72
latent learning
background learning that happens and information gathered even when no rewards are present
73
extinction
response becomes less over time when it's not being reinforced
74
instinctive drift
reversion to instinctive behavior unless reinforcement continues
75
what type of learning was exhibited in the Bobo doll experiment?
observational learning- kids who saw adults act aggressively to a doll would also act aggressively
76
imitation
subtype of observational learning (monkey see, monkey do)
77
mirror neurons
neurons that are activated when an organism performs an action but ALSO when the organism observes the action being done
78
what are Ekman's universal emotions?
happy, sad, surprise, fear, disgust, anger, contempt
79
limbic system
group of midbrain structures involved in emotion, memory, and motivation
80
what sub-organs are in the limbic system?
the hypothalamus and the amygdala
81
hypothalamus
"bridge" between the nervous system and the endocrine system
82
amygdala
emotional processing unit of the brain
83
cognitive component of emotions
what is going on inside our heads when we feel something
84
physiological component of emotions
how emotions manifest physically in the body
85
behavioral component of emotions
how we behave when we feel a certain emotion
86
James-Lange theory of emotion
(basic) stimulus -> physiological response -> emotion
87
Schachter-Singer theory of emotion
(+appraisal) stimulus -> physiological response -> appraise context -> emotion
88
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
(simultaneous) stimulus -> physiological AND cognitive response simultaneously -> emotion/behavior
89
Lazarus theory
(labeling) stimulus -> labeling -> physiological response -> emotion
90
independent stressors
stressors outside of our control
91
dependent stressors
stressors impacted by our behaviors
92
avoidance-avoidance conflict
you have to choose between two bad options
93
approach-avoidance conflict
you have to deal with upsides and downsides of 1 option
94
approach-approach conflict
you have to choose between two good options
95
double approach-avoidance conflict
choosing between two options that each have upsides and downsides
96
primary appraisal
is this a threat??
97
secondary appraisal
can I deal with the threat??
98
distress
negative stress
99
eustress
positive stress
100
neustress
neutral stress
101
general adaptation syndrome
3 stages of stress adaptation: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
102
learned helplessness
if you've been exposed to too many unavoidable stressors, you start believing you can't change your situations even if it's not the case

MCAT Psych/Soc (12 decks)

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