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MCAT Psych/Soc > Ch. 4- Consciousness > Flashcards

Ch. 4- Consciousness Flashcards

(76 cards)

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1
Q

consciousness

A

awareness of surroundings

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2
Q

what are the 4 main states of consciousness?

A

alert, daydreaming, drowsy, and asleep.

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3
Q

alertness

A

most attention to sensory input

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4
Q

what 2 structures in the brain are most closely associated with alertness?

A

reticular formation and the reticular activating system

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5
Q

where is the reticular formation located?

A

the brainstem

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6
Q

unconsciousness

A

a person cannot be easily roused

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7
Q

coma

A

deepest form of unconsciousness, a person doesn’t react normally to stimuli like pain, light, sound, and isn’t in a normal sleep/wake cycle

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8
Q

what is used to record brain waves while someone is asleep?

A

electroencephalography (EEG)

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9
Q

what does electromyography (EMG) record?

A

muscle activity, part of a sleep study

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10
Q

what does electrooculography (EOG) record?

A

eye activity, part of a sleep study

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11
Q

what is a polysomnography?

A

a comprehensive sleep study

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12
Q

what is a mnemonic for remembering what brain waves correspond to what stages of sleep?

A

BATS drink blood- beta waves (awake), alpha waves (drowsy), theta waves (N1), sleep spindles (N2), delta waves (N3/slow-wave), then beta waves again (REM)

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13
Q

beta waves

A

brain waves shown during alertness

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14
Q

alpha waves

A

brain waves shown during drowsiness or awake with eyes closed

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15
Q

theta waves

A

brain waves shown during non-REM 1 (N1) stage of sleep

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16
Q

K-complexes and sleep spindles

A

brain waves shown during non-REM 2 (N2) stage of sleep

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17
Q

delta waves

A

brain waves shown during non-REM 3 (N3) or slow-wave sleep

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18
Q

what sleep stage deals with consolidating memory?

A

N2

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19
Q

what sleep stage deals with memory processing?

A

N3/SWS

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20
Q

REM

A

rapid-eye movement

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21
Q

what sleep stage deals with dreaming, irregular respiration and irregular heartrate?

A

REM

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22
Q

what is REM rebound?

A

the phenomenon of how if you don’t get enough REM sleep one night, you’ll spend extra time in REM the next night to catch up.

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23
Q

in what sleep stage does eye movement start and stop?

A

starts in REM, stops in N2

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24
Q

how long is the sleep cycle in adults and kids?

A

90min adults, 50min kids

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25
what is our circadian rhythm?
our body's sleep-wake cycle
26
melatonin
hormone from the pineal gland that promotes drowsiness
27
cortisol
hormone from the adrenal glands that modulates the chronic stress response, but also contributes to wakefulness
28
insomnia
hard to fall asleep or stay asleep
29
narcolepsy
excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, abnormal REM sleep, sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations
30
sleep apnea
stop breathing while sleeping
31
dyssomnias
sleep disorders that interfere with whether or not sleep takes place
32
parasomnias
sleep disorders that involve abnormal behavior during sleep
33
somnambulism
sleepwalking
34
night terrors
flight-or-fight response is suddenly turned on, you often just sit up and scream
35
manifest content of dreams
surface-level plotline and details of dreams
36
latent content of dreams
hidden meaning of dreams
37
Freud's concept of wish fulfillment
dreams provide a way to resolve a repressed conflict by allowing a person to visualise the satisfaction of a desire
38
activation-synthesis model of dreams
synthesizing the activation of neurons in REM sleep results as a dream
39
the problem-solving theory of dreams
the brain unconsciously processes and works through problems
40
the cognitive theory of dreams
dreams reflect cognitive structures that we use in everyday life
41
hypnosis
someone inducing a hyper-suggestible state onto someone else. the person will respond to stimuli regularly but will be a lot more responsive to suggestions
42
meditation
quieting one's mind to focus attention more deliberately
43
what type of drug is caffeine?
stimulant
44
what do stimulant drugs do?
increase CNS activity, have an eneretic effect, or mimic the parasympathetic nervous system's "fight-or-flight" response
45
addiction
a pattern of compulsive behavior despite negative consequences
46
dependence
the onset of withdrawal symptoms when you stop taking a drug
47
tolerance
you have to start taking larger doses of a drug for it to still work on you
48
what pathway is often active in addiction?
the mesolimbic pathway
49
what brain structures are contained in the mesolimbic pathway?
nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, olfactory tubule, medial forebrain bundle
50
what 5 well-known drugs are stimulants?
caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, MDMA, and cocaine
51
what effect do amphetamines have?
decrease appetite and increase energy
52
what effect does MDMA have?
increases energy, increases empathy, stimulates the release of serotonin, dopamine, and epinephrine
53
what effect does cocaine have?
blocks reuptake of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine
54
what do depressant drugs do?
decrease CNS activity
55
what 3 well-known substances are depressants?
alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates
56
what are benzodiazepines and barbiturates most commonly used for?
treatment of anxiety (do NOT use with alcohol)
57
what is Korsakoff syndrome?
caused by alcohol abuse, when you experience memory loss, confusion, and confabulation
58
what do opioids do?
they are potent agonists for natural opioid receptors in the body (like endorphins). good for pain relief, but very addictive
59
what 6 well-known substances are opioids?
morphine, heroin, oxycodone, codeine, fentanyl, hydrocodone
60
what do hallucinogens do?
distort perceptions and enhance sensory experiences
61
what 4 well-known substances are hallucinogens?
LSD, ketamine, psilocybin, PCP
62
does marijuana fit into any major drug categories?
not really, it binds to endocannabinoid receptors
63
selective attention
ability to pick out one thing to pay attention to while ignoring everything else
64
Broadbent filter model
background/unimportant information is filtered out and lost
65
Treismann attenuation model
unimportant/background information gets minimized, but if something important happens we notice it
66
inattentional blindness
you're so focused on one thing that you ignore everything else that's not that thing.
67
change blindness
we miss things that have gradually or subtly changed in our environment
68
how would you expect to see a difference in heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate in stimulants vs. depressants?
stimulants = heartrate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure increase depressants = heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure decrease
69
what receptor do depressants such as alcohol affect?
GABA receptors = inhibitory neurotransmitter. brain thinks it's receiving more GABA = thinks it's receiving less signals = fires slower
70
does multitasking work?
yes, but up to a certain point. if you try to multitask too much you'll just end up doing a really bad job at everything.
71
simultaneous attention
actually paying attention to two tihngs at the same time
72
sequential attention
we're not actually paying attention to two things at the same time, we're just constantly switching back and forth between the two
73
what did Kahneman say about multitasking?
you do things worse while multitasking than if you do them in isolation/not multitasking
74
Allport's module resource theory
attention isn't regulated by a single center in the brain, but divided up into different modules according to task. Multitasking using different modules works, multitasking using the same module does not.
75
what is controlled vs. automatic processing?
controlled processing- you have to think about doing something to do it automatic processing - you can do it on autopilot
76

MCAT Psych/Soc (12 decks)

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