ch. 12 vocab

Question 1

anaphase

Answer 1

shortest stage of mitosis. cohesion proteins cleaved apart which lets the 22 sister chromatids become chromosomes. cell elongates as nonkinetochores lengthen

Question 2

benign tumor

Answer 2

if the abnormal mass of cells don’t spread outside of the tissue they’re already in

Question 3

binary fission

Answer 3

“division in half”. the asexual reproduction of single celled eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Question 4

cell cycle

Answer 4

life of a cell from the first time formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into 2 cells. Passing identical material to offspring

Question 5

cell division

Answer 5

reproduction of cells, basis for the continuity of life

Question 6

cell plate

Answer 6

cell wall too strong to pinch, so vesicles from the golgi move to the middle of the cell. As materials from the vesicles come in they are brought to the middle of the cell making a new cell wall and ultimately 2 new cells

Question 7

centromere

Answer 7

a specialized region that attaches the 2 sister chromatids in their middle

Question 8

centrosome

Answer 8

a sub cellular region with materials that function throughout the cell to organize the microtubules

Question 9

checkpoint

Answer 9

a control point in the cell cycle where stop and go signals can regulate the cycle

Question 10

chromatin

Answer 10

make up chromosomes and contain a long, linear strand of DNA. loosely coiled and unorganized

Question 11

chromosome

Answer 11

tightly coiled and organized chromatin that contains the cell’s DNA

Question 12

cleavage

Answer 12

a shallow groove in the cell’s surface near the old metaphase plate. the start of the cell pinching into 2 cells

Question 13

cyclin

Answer 13

a protein that activates the kinases that drive the cell cycle

Question 14

cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)

Answer 14

kinases(enzymes) that require a cylin to be activated

Question 15

cytokinesis

Answer 15

immediately follows mitosis, the division of the cytoplasm of the cell making daughter cells

Question 16

density-dependent inhibition

Answer 16

when crowded cells stop dividing because of the effect of an external physical factor on cell division

Question 17

G0 phase

Answer 17

the nondividing state where most human body cells go to not divide (yet for some)

Question 18

G1 phase

Answer 18

growth and development where organelles and proteins are made

Question 19

G2 phase

Answer 19

preparation from cell division

Question 20

gamete

Answer 20

(reproductive cells) sperm and egg cells, 23 chromosomes

Question 21

genome

Answer 21

cell’s genetic info

Question 22

growth factor

Answer 22

a protein released by certain cells that stimulate other cells to divide

Question 23

interphase

Answer 23

longest part of the cell cycle where the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and prepares for cell division

Question 24

kinetochore

Answer 24

a structure of proteins associated with specific sections of chromosomal DNA at the centromere which all chromatids have. Get connected to the spindle fibers and move with them in mitosis

Question 25

malignant tumor

Answer 25

when the mass of abnormal cells in the tissue start to spread and impair the function of 1+ organs

Question 26

metaphase

Answer 26

longest stage of mitosis, centromeres at opposite ends of cell. chromosomes pulled to middle of cell on metaphase plate and each chromatid attached to spindle fibers

Question 27

metastasis

Answer 27

the spread of cancer cells to location distant from their original site

Question 28

mitosis

Answer 28

the division of the nucleus after the chromosomes were split and went to opposite sides of the cell forming new nuclei to get ready to become 2 cells

Question 29

mitotic spindle

Answer 29

forms in cytoplasm during prophase. Fibers made of microtubules and other proteins that attach to the kinetochores later in mitosis

Question 30

prometaphase

Answer 30

nuclear envelope disappears, microtubules attach to the kinetochores or other nonkinetochores

Question 31

prophase

Answer 31

chromatin fibers become more tightly coiled, nuclei begins to disappear. mitotic spindle fibers begin to form and extend to e/o from opposite sides of the cell

Question 32

S phase

Answer 32

DNA replication, the cell grows and copies its chromosomes

Question 33

sister chromatid

Answer 33

half of a chromosome with identical DNA molecules per each half of the chromosome

Question 34

somatic cell

Answer 34

all body cells except reproductive cells, 46 chromosomes

Question 35

telophase

Answer 35

2 daughter nuclei form in the cell and the nucleoli reappears and the chromosomes become less condensed. The cell starts to become cleaved

Question 36

transformation

Answer 36

the process that converts the normal cell to a cancer cell