chp. 11 vocab Flashcards
(24 cards)
adenylyl cyclase
an enzyme embedded in the plasma membrane which converts ATP to cAMP in response to an extracellular signal (ex. epinephrine)
cyclic AMP
(cAMP) a type of second messenger that carries signal started by epinephrine from plasma membrane of liver/muscle cell into cell’s inside where it starts glycogen breakdown
gap junction
allows molecules to pass between adjacent cells without having to cross the plasma membrane (plant/animal cells)
ligand
when a molecule specifically binds to another molecule (normally a larger one). ligand binding causes receptor proteins to change shape which lets it interact with other molecules or cluster of 2+ receptor molecules leading to more events inside the cell
protein kinase
an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein
signal transduction pathway
process where a signal on a cell’s surface is converted to a specific cellular response in a series of steps
amplification
cause to become more intense
cytoplasm
the gel like liquid that fills the inside of a cell
glycogen
storage polysaccharide that the cell converts to glucose when it’s broken down
protein phosphatase
enzymes that remove phosphate groups from proteins
ligand - gated ion channel
type of membrane receptor protein with region that acts as a gate when receptor changes shape allowing certain ions to pass through
testosterone
a steroid hormone that’s secreted by cells of testis and travels through blood and enter cells all over body. which binds to receptor protein activating specific genes controlling male sex characetristics
apoptosis
programmed cell death when a cell has reached its use, is damaged, or infected
epinephrine
hormone that starts the breakdown of the storage polysaccharide glycogen which turns into glucose
growth factor
type of local regulator that has compounds that stimulate nearby target cells to grow and divide
local regulator
when messenger molecules secreted by signaling cells traveling a short distance
receptor tyrosine kinase
a plasma membrane receptor protein that has enzyme activity where the tyrosine kinase part catalyzes transfer of phosphate group from ATP to amino acid tyrosine on a substrate protein
transcription factor
controlling which gene are turned on (genes transcribed into mRNA) in a particular cell at a certain time. ex). testosterone when activated turns on specific genes
biofilm
aggregations of bacteria that form structures with a specialized function
G protein
a protein that binds energy rich molecule GTP to signaling molecules
inositol triphosphate (IP3)
2nd messenger made by certain kind of phospholipid in plasma membrane and involved in pathway leasing to calcium ion release
nitric oxide (NO)
chemical signaling gas molecule with an intracellular receptor that’s very small so it can pass cell’s plasma membranes
second messenger
a component of signaling pathway that are small, nonprotein, water-soluble or ions
transduction
after signal passed between cells it’s converted to a form that causes a specific cell response. normally in a couple of steps with relay molecules
