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PHYL 141 > CH 14/15 > Flashcards

CH 14/15 Flashcards

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1
Q

What protects the brain?

A

Cranium, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood-brain barrier (BBB)

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2
Q

Meninges:

A

connective tissue that forms a series of membranes surrounding the brain – Pia, arachnoid, dura mater

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3
Q

Function in protecting the brain

CSF:

A

absorbs shock

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4
Q

Function in protecting the brain

BBB:

A

prevents the entrance of dangerous materials from the blood into the brain

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5
Q

What makes up the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus (pineal gland)

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6
Q

Thalamus:

A

relay center (except olfactory)

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7
Q

Hypothalamus:

A

located anterior-inferior to thalamus. Regulates emotions, sleep/wake cycles, regulates body temperature/hunger/satisfaction/thirst

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8
Q

Epithalamus:

A

covers third ventricle, secretes melatonin

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9
Q

Meningeal layers of the brain

Dura Mater:

A

outermost layer, toughest
- 2 layers make up Dura Mater: Meningeal layer (deeper) & periosteal layer (internal surfaces of cranial bones)

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10
Q

Meningeal layers of the brain

Arachnoid mater:

A

middle layer
- Arachnoid villi: filters CSF back into the bloodstream through villi

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11
Q

Meningeal layers of the brain

Pia mater:

A

deepest, innermost layer
- Passageway for blood vessel penetration

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12
Q

Lobes of the brain

Frontal:

A

motor control (speech, reasoning, personality)
- Precentral gyrus: houses the primary motor cortex which controls voluntary motor movement on the body’s contralateral side (opposite)

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13
Q

Lobes of the brain

Parietal:

A
  • Postcentral gyrus: houses primary somatosensory cortex - responsible for sensory information (touch, pain, temp, itch)
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14
Q

Lobes of the brain

Occipital:

A

process visual information

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15
Q

Lobes of the brain

Temporal:

A

process sound information, facial recognition, receptive area for smell

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16
Q

Lobes of the brain

Insula:

A

process taste, smell, sound, body surface sensations, emotions
- Hidden under parietal, frontal, temporal

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17
Q

Ventricles:

A

cavities within the brain that connect with each other and the spinal cord
- 4 in the brain

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18
Q

What ventricles are found in the brain? Where are they located?

1&2:

A

Lateral ventricles: found in each cerebral hemisphere, separated by septum pellucidum (membrane b/t the 2 lateral ventricles)
- Travels through the Interventricular foramen

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19
Q

What ventricles are found in the brain? Where are they located?

3

A

third ventricle: from the lateral ventricles, third ventricle arises
- Travels through cerebral aqueduct

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20
Q

What ventricles are found in the brain? Where are they located?

4

A

fourth ventricle: from the third ventricle, CSF flows through the cerebral aqueduct to the fourth ventricle (found b/t pons and cerebellum) then merges with
central canal of spinal cord

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21
Q

Functions of CSF

A
  • Reduces weight of the brain
  • Cushion
  • Transports oxygen and nutrients and waste from brain
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22
Q

What connects the two hemispheres?

A
  • Corpus callosum (white matter tract)
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23
Q

What is the flow of cerebrospinal fluid?

A
  • Lateral ventricles -> interventricular foramen -> third ventricle -> cerebral aqueduct -> fourth ventricle -> central canal
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24
Q

Where is CSF produced at? Where is it absorbed?

A
  • Choroid plexus located within the ventricles of the brain, then reabsorbed into the blood at the arachnoid granulations villi
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25
# Parts of the cerebellum Vermis:
runs along midline of cerebellar hemispheres
26
# Parts of the cerebellum - Lobes
(anterior, posterior, flocculonodular) separated by fissures
27
# Parts of the cerebellum - Arbor vitae:
white matter in each cerebellar hemisphere where cerebellar nuclei is embedded | "tree of life" in Latin
28
# Parts of the cerebellum - Folia:
ridges on the surface of cerebellar cortex of each hemisphere
29
What is sulcus that separates the frontal and parietal lobes?
- Central sulcus
30
# Blood flow of the brain Arterial supply
- Aorta -> common carotid arteries -> internal and external carotid arteries
31
# Blood flow of the brain Venous return
Blood returns through dural sinuses and veins
32
# Function? What is the BBB?
- Physical barrier to protect neurons from waste products, hormones, or drugs that are circulating in the blood - Formed by astrocytes (glial cells)
33
Stroke (cerebrovascular accident/CVA):
occurs when a block or rupture of arterial blood vessel decreases blood supply to the brain, causing neurons to die - Hemorrhagic stroke (severe)
34
Transient ischemic attack (TIA):
less severe possible precursor to stroke
35
Precentral gyrus - which lobe are they located in; what are they responsible for?
voluntary motor movement on the body’s contralateral side, located in the frontal lobe
36
Postcentral gyrus - which lobe are they located in; what are they responsible for?
primary somatosensory cortex - responsible for proprioception, located in parietal lobe
37
What number goes with each nerve?
○ Numbered from most anterior (CN I) to most posterior/inferior (CN XII) - Oh, oh, oh To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet, aH - 12 pairs of cranial nerves ○ Olfactory I ○ Optic nerve II ○ Oculomotor nerve III ○ Trochlear nerve IV ○ Trigeminal nerve V ○ Abducens nerve VI ○ Facial nerve VII ○ glossal nerve XII ○ Vagus nerve X ○ Accessory nerve XI Hypoglossal nerve
38
Is the nerve sensory or motor?
○ BOTH
39
What is the function of the cranial nerve?
- Helps us see, taste, smell, hear, and feel sensations, proprioception
40
What are the special senses?
- Olfaction (smell) - Gustation (taste) - Vision - Hearing - Equilibrium
41
The special sense that involves smell?
Olfaction
42
The olfactory nerve is which cranial nerve?
CN I Olfactory Nerve
43
Odorants bind to olfactory receptor proteins located on the ____________ of olfactory sensory neurons.
Dendrites
44
Pathway for olfaction?
Odor molecule travels to nasal cavity (breathing → odorant detected by olfactory receptors → travels through cribiform plate to olfactory bulb → bulb sends signal to 2 places 1. Primary olfactory cortex: comprehend the odor 2. Limbic system and hypothalamus: allows us to associate a smell with a memory and/or emotion
45
Does the olfactory nerve synapse with the thalamus?
No, olfactory nerve fibers synapse into the olfactory bulb
46
Where are the receptors for taste found at?
The tongue papillae has taste buds containing gustatory receptor cells
47
What are the primary taste sensations?
Sour, salty, sweet, bitter, umami
48
Where are the taste buds found on the tongue?
Within the papillae
49
What cranial nerve transmits taste sensations from the tongue to the brain?
Facial nerve VII and glossopharyngeal nerve IX (9), and vagus nerve
50
What is the lifespan of gustatory receptor cells?
10 days
51
Which nerve connects to the anterior ⅔ of tongue? Posterior ⅓? Extreme posterior?
The facial nerve carries signals from the first ⅔ of our tongue The glossopharyngeal nerve covers that last third As the vagus nerve helps the posterior part of the tongue as well as part of the pharynx
52
Flow of tear production?
Produced by lacrimal gland → tear flows across the eye → excess tears flow into upper and lower lacrimal puncta → drains into the lacrimal sac then nasolacrimal duct and into nasal cavity
53
How many extrinsic muscles of the eye?
6
54
# extrinsic muscles of the eye Superior oblique:
rotate the eye laterally
55
# extrinsic muscles of the eye Inferior oblique:
laterally rotates the eye, in opposition to superior oblique
56
# extrinsic muscles of the eye Superior rectus:
moves the eye up, inward
57
# extrinsic muscles of the eye Inferior rectus:
moves eye downward, outward, inward
58
# extrinsic muscles of the eye Lateral rectus:
outward
59
# extrinsic muscles of the eye Medial rectus:
inward
60
What are the three tunic layers of the eyeball?
Fibrous, vascular tunic, neural tunic or retina
61
# three tunic layers of the eyeball Outermost
fibrous tunic – Sclera: white of eye Cornea: transparent section of eye, allows light to enter eye
62
# three tunic layers of the eyeball Middle:
vascular tunic – Choroid: vascularized connective tissue, supplies blood to eye Ciliary body: attaches to lens by suspensory ligaments Iris: contract or relax to adjust to amount of light entering the eye
63
# three tunic layers of the eyeball Innermost:
Neural tunic or retina – converts light to visual stimuli by rods and cones (photoreceptors)
64
What part of the eye contains the highest concentration of cones for color vision?
Retina
65
What structure causes the blind spot of the eye?
Optic disc
66
# Two cavities of the Eyeball Anterior Cavity:
located b/t cornea and lens
67
# Two cavities of the Eyeball Posterior cavity:
inner portion of eye posterior to lens Vitreous humor: maintains shape of eye, keeps retina pressed against the walls
68
Which chamber is b/t the iris and lens?
Anterior chamber
69
Which chamber is b/t the cornea and iris?
Anterior chamber
70
How does light pass through the eye to the retina?
Cornea
71
What structure/s are responsible for focusing light onto the retina?
Cornea and lens
72
Which cranial nerve is responsible for transmitting visual information from the retina to the brain?
Optic nerve II
73
The ‘primary visual cortex’ is located in which lobe?
Occipital lobe
74
Static Equilibrium:
sense's and maintains balance and orientation when body is still
75
Dynamic Equilibrium:
detection and response to linear and rotational movement
76
Pathway of sound:
Pinna guides sound waves into external auditory canal → reaches tympanic membrane → sound wave vibrates auditory ossicles (small bones) and oval window → past that is perilymph fluid and bony labyrinth mirrors where → inner hair cells within organ of corti recieve vibrations are converted into signals → sent through cochlear nerve allowing us to interpret sound
77
What structure separates the outer and middle parts of the ear?
Tympanic membrane
78
What structure separates the middle and inner ear?
Oval window
79
What are the three middle ear bones?
Malleus, incus, stapes
80
Which Cranial nerve is responsible for hearing?
Vestibulocochlear cranial nerve VIII
81
What does the Eustachian tube connect to?
Connects the middle ear to nasopharynx
82
Function of Semicircular canals:
detects and maintains balance through rotational movements
83
Function of Vestibule:
responsible for static and dynamic equilibrium
84
Function of Cochlea:
detects sound
85
Where is sound more specifically detected within the ear?
Spiral organ (organ of corti)

PHYL 141 (14 decks)

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