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PHYL 141 > CH4 > Flashcards

CH4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues

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2
Q

Pathology

A

Study of cells and tissues
- Pathologist - specializes in this study and performs autopsies and makes diagnoses

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3
Q

Biopsy

A

sample of living tissue removed to be examined under microscope

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4
Q

Tissue

A

cells that usually derive from same embryonic tissue become specialized for a particular function

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5
Q

4 major types of tissues

A
  • Epithelial tissue
  • Connective tissue
  • Muscle
  • Nervous
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6
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

covers body surface, lines hallow organs, body cavities and ducts; and forms glands

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7
Q

Connective tissue

A

binds together to protect/support the body and it’s organs
- Stores energy (fat) and provides immunity

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8
Q

Muscle

A

contracts to generate movement and forces

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9
Q

Nervous

A

initiates and transmits action potential (nerve impulses), helps coordinate body activities between different body regions

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10
Q

Cell junction

A

Contact points between adjacent cell plasma membranes to adhere, communicate, and maintain tissue integrity

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11
Q

Gap junction

A

Passageway for chemicals to move between cells
- Connexins form the transmembrane protein channels
- Found in: Eyes, GI tract, uterus, heart

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12
Q

Tight junctions

A
  • prevents movement of material between cells by forming fluid tight seals
  • Common on epithelial cells
  • Found in: Stomach, bladder, intestines
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13
Q

Desmosomes

A

links epithelial cells to surrounding structures
- Made of plaques & transmembrane glycoproteins that extends across gaps and links cytoskeletons together

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14
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A

connects cells to basement membrane

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15
Q

Adherens junctions

A

made of plaque and anchor cells together. “Adhesion Belt” Encircles the cell
- Resists separation during contraction (ex: as food moves through digestive system -intestines)

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16
Q

Connective tissue is…

A
  • Less cells, loose
  • Highly vascular (except tendons and cartilage)
  • Has nerve supply except cartilage
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17
Q

Epithelial tissue is…

A
  • Tightly packed with many cells, arranged in sheets with many cell junctions
  • No extracellular matrix - no surrounding framework holding cells together
  • High mitotic rate (quick cell replacement)
  • Avascular with nerve supply (no blood supply; nutrients diffuse from underlying connective tissue)
  • Apical surface (top of epithelial cell that faces external environment or lumen of organ) and Basal surface (bottom of epithelial cell, touches basement membrane
  • Function: protection, absorption, or secretion
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18
Q

Basement membrane

A

in epithelial tissue, a thin layer of fibrous material that anchors the epithelial tissue to the underlying connective tissue

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19
Q

Types of epithelial tissue

A
  1. Simple squamous
  2. Simple cuboidal
  3. Simple columnar
  4. Stratified squamous
  5. Stratified cuboidal
  6. Stratified columnar
  7. Pseudostratified columnar
  8. Transitional
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20
Q

Simple squamous

A

single layer of cells attached to basement membrane
- Diffuses, excretes, and absorbs and Found in alveoli of lungs and kidneys

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21
Q

Simple Cuboidal

A

single layer, cube shaped cells resting on basement membrane
- Found in Kidney, thyroid, glands and responisble for excreting and absorption

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22
Q

Simple columnar

A

single layer, elongated nuclei, flattened cells in direct contact with basement membrane
- Locations: GI tract (stomach, intestines)
- Functions: secretions and absorption

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23
Q

Stratified squamous

A

2+ layers of cells, protects underlying tissues. Deeper layers are cuboidal shape,superficial are squamous
- Basal cells replicate and shift from deep to superficial
- Keratinized - found in surface that needs more protection (tough protein)
- Non-keratinized - found in wet parts of body
- Functions: protection from abrasion and desiccation (drying out)
- Locations: Skin (keratinized), esophagus (non-keratin)

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24
Q

Stratified cuboidal

A

2+ layers
* Found in sweat glands, mammary glands
* Functions: secretion

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25
Stratified columnar
2+ layers, top cells are columnar Locations: pharynx, epiglottis, salivary glands
26
Pseudostratified columnar
Appears stratified but all cells are touching the basement membrane making one layer. Has cilia - Locations: respiratory tracts - Functions: secretion and transport of mucus
27
Transitional
apical (top layer) cells change shape from cuboidal to squamous when stretched. Can tolerate stretch and recoil - Locations: Bladder and ureters
28
Exocrine
(Exits) glands with ducts to a body surface Goblet cells - mucus, Sweat glands, Sebaceous glands, Secretory glands in GI tracts
29
Endocrine
lack ducts, secretes hormones through glands Thyroid, Pituitary, Adrenal, Gonads
30
# how many cells? Structural classification of epithelial glands
Unicellular - goblet Multicellular - many cells (sweat glands, oil glands, salivary glands)
31
Functional classification of epithelial glands
Merocrine - most common, secretes via vesicle - Salivary and sweat glands Apocrine - secrete by pinching off apical surface of glands - Mammary, axillary and pubic glands Holocrine - whole cell ruptures to become secretory product - Sebaceous gland
32
Connective tissue cells | 7
Fibroblasts Plasma cells Mast cells Adipocytes Leukocytes Macrophages Mesenchymal
33
Fibroblasts
secretes FIBers and matrix, produces matrix
34
Plasma Cells
develop antibody producing B cells (lymphocytes)
35
Mast cells
abundant along blood vessels, cause inflammation
36
Adipocytes
fat cells, store energy
37
Leukocytes
WBC, immune defense
38
Macrophages
phagocytic, eats foreign cells and cleans up waste
39
Mesenchymal
stem cells
40
-blast
produce matrix
41
-cyte
maintain matrix
42
-clast
destroy matrix
43
Connective tissue fibers
Fibers, elastic, reticular
44
Fibers
collagen: tough protein; ligaments, tendons, bone, cartilage - Most abundant
45
Elastic
densely-packed fibers with stretching and recoil capacity; skin, blood vessels, lungs
46
Reticular
anchors cells in place * Has collagen and glycoprotein; supports walls of blood vessels and filtering organs (liver, lymph nodes, spleen) * Location: liver, spleen, and lymph nodes * Provides supportive framework for soft organs
47
Embryonic connective tissue | M&M
- Mesenchyme - loose, embryonic tissue that develops into mature CT - Mucous - inside umbilical cord of fetus, Wharton’s jelly
48
What tissues are mature CT
(loose) Areolar, adipose, reticular, dense regular/irregular, and elastic
49
Loose CT
loosely-packed fibers
50
Areolar
Location: upper dermis, surrounds vessels, between glands, nerves, skin, muscle Function: supports and nourishes
51
Adipose
composed of cells with lipids Location: hypodermis, around kidneys, mammary glands Function: cushion, insulation, energy storage
52
Dense regular
- contains more collagen fibers, densely packed into parallel bundles. - Gives tensile strength to tendons and ligaments. - Avascular
53
Dense irregular
interwoven collagenous fibers (mesh-like) Location: lower dermis and submucosa layer of GI tract
54
Specialized
1) Fluid CT - Lymph - Blood - contains erythrocytes (RBCs), leukocytes (WBCs), thrombocytes (platelets) Cells circulate in extracellular liquid matrix called plasma 2) Supportive CT 3) Cartilage, bone
55
Cartilage
supportive CT made of collagenous fibers, flexible, occurs in areas that need support. Mature cartilage is avascular
56
3 types of cartilage
Hyline, elastic, fibrocartilage
57
Hyaline
most common, glassy matrix. Found in nose and covering the articulating surfaces where 2 bones meet
58
Elastic
stretch and recoil due to abundance of chondrocytes. Found in external ear, epiglottis, eustachian tube
59
Muscle tissue types
Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
60
Skeletal muscle
multinucleated, striated, voluntary. Attached to bones
61
Cardiac muscle
one nucleus, striated, involuntary, connected by intercalated discs. Heart wall
62
Smooth muscle
one nucleus, non-striated (smooth appearance), tapered, involuntary. Blood vessels and GI tract, hollow organs
63
Nervous tissue
Made up of two cells: neurons and neuroglia - Transmits and receives impulses through dendrites and axons
64
Tissue repair
1) Fibrosis - scar formation 2) Epithelial - replaced by stem cells 3) Connective - bone continues to replace itself. Cartilage less renewal (depends on blood supply) 4) Muscular - limited repair, depends on blood supply to muscle 5) Nervous - Peripheral nervous system (PNS) performs limited repair - Central nervous system (CNS) - can't be repaired (brain, spinal cord)
65
Aging and disorders
- Younger bodies have better blood supply, nutrition, and metabolism. Aging slows tissue repair - Disorders of epithelial tissue are associated with affected organ (ex; skin cancer,, lung cancer) - Disorders of connective tissue - more autoimmune (ex lupus, rheumatoid arthritis) + Lupus - immune system fights itself + RA - autoimmune and inflammatory diseases

PHYL 141 (14 decks)

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