Ch 14 Integration of Nervous System Functions

Question 1

conscious awareness of stimuli

Answer 1

sensation (perception)

Question 2

what are the special senses?

Answer 2

smell, taste, sight, hearing, balance

Question 3

two types of sensory receptors

Answer 3

classified by stimulus type and classified by location

Question 4

which type of receptors are classified by stimulus type?

Answer 4

mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, photoreceptors, nociceptors

Question 5

sensory receptor that reacts to light; ex: retina

Answer 5

photoreceptors

Question 6

sensory receptor that responds to temperature

Answer 6

thermoreceptors

Question 7

sensory receptor that responds to some type of deformation; ex: corpuscles

Answer 7

mechanoreceptors

Question 8

sensory receptors that respond to chemicals; ex: nose and oral cavity

Answer 8

chemoreceptors

Question 9

sensory receptors that respond to pain; ex: capsaicin receptors

Answer 9

nociceptors

Question 10

which type of receptors are classified by location?

Answer 10

exteroreceptors (external), visceroreceptors (inside body), proprioceptors (joints)

Question 11

mediated by free and encapsulated nerve endings (corpuscles)

Answer 11

cutaneous sensations

Question 12

tonic?

Answer 12

slow-adapting

Question 13

5 types of free nerve ending cutaneous receptors

Answer 13

1. capsaicin receptors (hot)
2. merkel cells (detect light pressure)
3. thermoreceptors
4. nociceptors
5. hair follicle receptors

Question 14

3 types of encapsulated nerve endings

Answer 14

1. meisner’s corpuscles
2. pacinian corpuscles
3. ruffini endings (detect continuous touch or pressure and depression of stretch of skin)

Question 15

phasic?

Answer 15

adapt quickly
ex: when wanda sits with her feet under herself. As long as the stimulant remains constant, the receptors will adapt, until she moves!

Question 16

two places proprioception receptors are located?

Answer 16

muscle spindle (stretch and contract) and golgi tendon (stretch)

Question 17

carrying sensory info from body to brain

Answer 17

ascending spinal tracts

Question 18

following one particular pathway

Answer 18

modality; Law of Specific Nerve Energies

Question 19

all sensory info except what goes to the thalamus

Answer 19

smell

Question 20

ascending spinal tracts contain how many neurons?

Answer 20

primary: brings to CNS
secondary: takes up tract
tertiary: appropriate part of the brain

Question 21

right side of the brain controls left side of the body and vice versa is known as

Answer 21

decussate

Question 22

the post central gyrus is also called

Answer 22

primary somatosensory cortex

Question 23

which lobe of the brain helps to understand

Answer 23

parietal

Question 24

which section of the brain allows us to put together coherent sentences?

Answer 24

wernicke’s area

Question 25

tells you that you see SOMETHING

Answer 25

primary cortex

Question 26

interprets what you ACTUALLY see

Answer 26

association area

Question 27

initiation of voluntary movement is controlled by

Answer 27

premotor areas

Question 28

which lobes of the brain PLAN for particular movement?

Answer 28

frontal and cerebellum

Question 29

controls motivation, planning, initiation, and judgement

Answer 29

prefrontal area

Question 30

organizes movement before initiation

Answer 30

premotor area

Question 31

motor speech area

Answer 31

broca's area

Question 32

the precentral gyrus is also called

Answer 32

primary somatomotor cortex

Question 33

descending motor tracts involve 2 types of movement

Answer 33

1. reflexes | 2. voluntary

Question 34

2 major groups of descending motor tracts

Answer 34

1. pyramidal: no synapse (fine movement) | 2. extrapyramidal: multiple synapses (influence movement indirectly)

Question 35

where are upper neurons located?

Answer 35

CNS

Question 36

where are lower neurons located?

Answer 36

exiting CNS

Question 37

receives sensory info from and control movement of opposite side

Answer 37

corpus callosum

Question 38

language, math, and analytical side of brain

Answer 38

left

Question 39

artistic and visuospatial tasks side of the brain

Answer 39

right

Question 40

split brain procedure?

Answer 40

cut corpus callosum in half so epilepsy won't cross over to the other side of the brain and take over the whole brain

Question 41

inability to speak clearly

Answer 41

aphasia

Question 42

how is language processed?

Answer 42

hearing and vision go into wernicke's area (interpreted) , travels to broca's area (motor speech area) , travels to Precentral gyrus (motor cortex)

Question 43

much of this long term memory is lost through time

Answer 43

declarative

Question 44

a small amount of this long term memory is lost through time

Answer 44

procedural

Question 45

impaired declarative memory

Answer 45

amnesia

Question 46

simple skills and conditioned reflexes are stored as what type of memory

Answer 46

procedural

Question 47

fact retention is stored as what type of memory

Answer 47

declarative

Question 48

most of this memory is lost immediately

Answer 48

working memory--remembering a telephone number

Question 49

most of this memory is lost within a short time

Answer 49

short-term memory

Question 50

working memory turns into short term memory through?

Answer 50

long-term potentiation

Question 51

short term memory turns into long term memory through?

Answer 51

consolidation

Question 52

when does most consolidation occur?

Answer 52

Non-REM sleep (not dreaming)

Question 53

specific activity pattern

Answer 53

memory engram

Question 54

regulated by suprachiasmaticnucleus (SCN)

Answer 54

Circadian rhythm : SCN is located in thalamus

Question 55

what does circadian rhythm do?

Answer 55

master clock, controls melatonin secretion, role in puberty____ pineal gland secretes melatonin, which is extremely high in children. Melatonin inhibits GTP until the pineal gland begins to shrink with age and child begins puberty

Question 56

dreaming occurs in what type of sleep?

Answer 56

REM sleep

Question 57

what type of waves occur during deep sleep?

Answer 57

delta

Question 58

what type of waves occur when awake?

Answer 58

alpha and beta

Question 59

primary controllers of sleep?

Answer 59

SCN & reticular activating system

Question 60

responds to all the things that wake us up. Ex: smell of coffee, alarm clock, bright lights

Answer 60

reticular activating system