Flashcards in ch 16 Deck (77):
1
the intro of materials into the digestive tract by the mouth
ingestion
2
the chemical breakdown of ingested materials into simple molecules that can be absorbed by the cells of the digestive tract
digestion
3
the active or passive uptake of gases, fluids, nutrients, or solutes
absorption
4
elimination from the body
excretion
5
a mucous membrane; the epithelium and the lamina propria
mucosa
6
layer of smooth muscle beneath the lamina propria; responsible for moving the mucosal surface
muscularis mucosae
7
region between the muscularis mucosae and the muscularis externa
submucosa
8
concentric layer of smooth muscle responsible for peristalsis
muscularis externa
9
parasympathetic motor neurons and sympathetic post ganglionic fibers located between the circular an ongitudinal layers of the musularis externa
myentric plexus
10
a double layer of serous membrane that supports and stabilizes the position of an organ in the abdominopelvic cavity and provides a route for the associated blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics
mesentery
11
superficial layer of connective tissue surrounding an internal organ; fibers are continuous with those of surrounding tissues, providing support and stabilization
adventitia
12
a wave of smooth muscle contractions that propels materials along the axis of a tube such as the digestive tract, ureters, or the ductus deferens
peristalsis
13
pertaining to the cheeks
buccal
14
lip, majora and minora are componenets of the female external genitalia
labium/labia
15
the bony roof of the oral cavity, formed by the maxillary and palatine bones
hard palate
16
fleshy posterior extension of the hard palate, separating the nasopharynx from the oral cavity
soft palate
17
an epithelial fold that attaches the inferior surface of the tongue to the floor of the mouth
lingual frenulum
18
an enzyme present in some exocrine secretions that has antibiotic properties
lysozyme
19
chewing
mastication
20
crystalline material similar in mineral composition to bone, but harder and without osteocytes, that covers the exposed surfaces of the teeth
enamel
21
bonelike material that forms the body of a tooth; unlike bone, it lacks osteocytes and osteons
dentin
22
internal chamber in a tooth, containing blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves, and the cells that maintain the dentin
pulp cavity
23
a premolar tooth
bicuspid
24
bicuspids; teeth with flattened surfaces located anterior to the molar teeth
premolars
25
the throat; a muscular passageway shared by the digestive and respiratory tracts
pharynx
26
a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach
esophagus
27
swallowing
deglutition
28
a compact mass; usually refers to compacted ingested material on its way to the stomach
bolus
29
a semifluid mixture of ingested food and digestive secretions that is in the stomach and proximal small intestine as digestion proceeds
chyme
30
the area of the stomach surrounding its connection with the esophagus
cardia
31
the base of an organ
fundus
32
gastric region between the body of the stomach and the duodenum; includes the pyloric sphincter
pylorus
33
mucosal folds in the lining of the empty stomach that disappear as gastric distention occurs
rugae
34
a large fold of the dorsal mesentery of the stomach that hangs in front of the intestines
greater omentum
35
a small pocket in the mesentery that connects the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver
lesser omentum
36
tubular glands of the stomach whose cells produce acid, enzymes, intrinsic factor, and hormones
gastric glands
37
cell of the gastric glands that secretes HCl and intrinsic factor
parietal cell
38
a compound secreted by the parietal cells of the stomach that aids the intestinal absorption of vitamin B
intrinsic factor
39
gastric enzyme that breaks down a milk protein, resulting in mild coagulation
rennin
40
hormone produced by endocrine cels of the stomach, when exposed to mechanical stimuli or neural (vagal) stimulation, and of the duodenum, when exposed to chyme containing undigested proteins
gastrin
41
the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum; the digestive tract between the stomach and large intestine
small intestine
42
the proximal 25 cm of the small intestine that contains short villi and submucosal glands
duodenum
43
situated behind or outside the peritoneal cavity
retroperitoneal
44
the middle portion of the small intestine
jejunum
45
the last 2.5 m of the small intestine
ileum
46
a permanent transverse fold in the wall of the small intestine; also called plicae circulares
circular folds
47
a slender projection of the mucous membrane of the small intestine
villus/villi
48
a terminal lymphatic within an intestinal villus
lacteal
49
mucous glands in the submucosa of the duodenum
submucosal glands
50
duodenal hormone that stimulates the contraction of the gall bladder and the secretion of enzymes by the exocrine pancreas
choecystokinin (CCK)
51
digestive organ containing exocrine and endocrine tissues; exocrine portion secretes hormones, including insulin and glucagon
pancreas
52
aggregations of endocrine cells in the pancreas
pancreatic islets
53
a mixture of buffers and digestive enzymes that is discharged into the duodenum under the stimulation of the enzymes secretin and cholecystokinin
pancreatic juice
54
a tubular duct that carries pancreatic juice from the pancreas to the duodenum
pancreatic duct
55
organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
carbohydrate
56
a pancreatic enzyme that breaks down triglycerides
lipase
57
an organ of the digestive system with varied and vital functions, including the production of plasma proteins, the excretion of bile, the storage of energy reserves, the detoxification of poisons, and the interconversion of nutrients
liver
58
a liver cell
hepatocyte
59
exocrine secretion of the liver that is stored in the gall bladder and ejected in the duodenum
bile
60
duct formed by the union of the cystic duct from the gall bladder and the bile ducts from the liver; terminates at the duodenal ampulla, where it meets the pancreatic duct
common bile duct
61
a duct that carries bile between the gall badder and the common bile duct
cystic duct
62
steroid derivatives in the bile, responsible for the emulsification of ingested lipids
bile salts
63
the physical breakup of fats in the digestive tract, forming smaller droplets accessible to digestive enzymes; normally the result of mixing with bile sals
emulsification
64
pear-shaped reservoir for the bile secreted by the liver
gall bladder
65
the terminal portions of the intestinal tract, consisting of the colon, the rectum, and the anorectal canal
large intestine
66
an expanded pouch at the start of the large intestine
cecum
67
a fold of mucous membrane that guards the connection between the ileum and the cecum
ileocecal valve
68
a blind tube connected to the cecum of the large intestine
appendix
69
the large intestine
colon
70
3 longitudinal bands of smooth muscle in the muscularis externa of the colon
taeniae coli
71
the last 15 cm of the digestive tract
rectum
72
external opening of the anorectal canal
anus
73
an essential organic nutrient that functions as a coenzyme in vital enzymatic reactions
vitamin
74
complex organic cofactors, usually structurally related to vitamins
coenzyme
75
a spherical aggregation of bile salts, monoglycerides, and fatty acids in the lumen of the intestinal tract
micelle
76
relatively large droplets that may contain tryglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol in association with proteins; synthesized and released by intestinal cells and transported to the venous blood via the lymphatic system
chylomicrons
77