Ch 16 Blood

Question 1

3 functions of blood

Answer 1

1. Transport O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, hormones
2. Regulation of temp, ph, H2O volume
3. Defense: clotting and immune cells

Question 2

How much of body weight is blood

Answer 2

8%

Question 3

Constituents of blood

Answer 3

Formed elements (45% of blood vol)
-RBC, WBC, Platelets
Plasma (55%)

Question 4

Hematocrit

Answer 4

Measure of RBSs and oxygen carrying ability
-athletes > 50%
Low hematocrit=anemia

Question 5

Plasma

Answer 5

Matrix of blood tissues (liquids and dissolved solutes)

• Proteins make up 7-9% of plasma
• Albumin 70% of human plasma
• Globulins
• Fibrinogen

Question 6

WBC %’s

Answer 6

Neutrophils 54-62%
Lymphocytes 25-33%
Monocytes 3-9%
Eosinophyls 1-3%
Basophyls <1%

Question 7

Human Serum Albumin

Answer 7

70% of plasma

• protein that regulates blood vol by maintaining osmotic pressure
• carriers for molecules of low wave solubility (lipid soluble hormones, bile salts, bilirubin, free fatty acids, Ca, iron, some drugs)

Question 8

Globulins (alpha and beta)

Answer 8

a heterogenous series of proteins

• larger molecules and less soluble than albumin
• gamma globulins

Question 9

Gamma globulins

Answer 9

antibodies produced by lymphocytes

Question 10

Fibrinogen

Answer 10

Precursor for fibrin

-soluble plasma glycoprotein synthesized by liver

Question 11

Hematopoiesis

Answer 11

All blood arise from stem cells in the bone marrow
1/2 of bone marrow is red (produces blood cells) and 1/2 of that is in pelvis
-yellow marrow has fat

Question 12

RBC production

Answer 12

Regulated by kidneys (sense O2 availability)

-If low O2 kidneys secrete erythropoietin (cease production if low O2)

Question 13

Erythropoietin

Answer 13

Secreted by kidneys

-Stimulates bone marrow to produce RBCs

Question 14

Erythroblasts

Answer 14

Immature RBCs

-no hemoglobin

Question 15

Erythrocytes

Answer 15

Mature RBCs

• expel nucleus or other organelles
• body makes >2 mil/sec
• Life span only 120 days
• Hemoglobin is 97% of cell’s dry contents
• Highly flexible and squeeze through capillaries

Question 16

WBC Production

Answer 16

Stimulated by injury or infection

-Activation of WBCs stimulates production in bone marrow and stimulates release of stored WBCs in spleen

Question 17

Platelets

Answer 17

aka Thrombocytes

• Help in forming platelet plug
• secrete materials needed to heal blood vessels
• 5-9 day lifespan
• destroyed in spleen

Question 18

Leukocytes

Answer 18

• can be granular (vesicles visible) or agranular (no visible vesicles)
• Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes

Question 19

Hemoglobin structure

Answer 19

4 globular protein subunits

• 4 heme groups w/ iron held in a prophyrin ring
• Iron is site of oxygen binding

Question 20

How much O2 in 1 hemoglobin?

Answer 20

4

Question 21

How are RBCs removed by the spleen?

Answer 21

Squeeze b/w sinusoids that typically clean the RBCs of debris
-Older cells destroyed and removed by phagocytic cells (macrophages)

Question 22

Removal of RBCs in liver

Answer 22

Kuppfer cells (specialized macrophages)
-Destruction of RBCs releases hemoglobin which gets broken down into heme and amino acids

Question 23

What does the spleen do to heme?

Answer 23

Macrophages of the spleen convert heme into unconjugated bilirubin (not water soluble)
-gets bound to albumin and sent to liver

Question 24

Bilirubin in liver

Answer 24

• Bilirubin is conjugated w/ glucuronic acid (water soluble)
• most is transported to bile and out small intestine
• some is metabolized to stercobilin in large intestine
• some of the precursor, urobilinogen is reabsorbed and excreted in urine

Question 25

What does free iron bind to?

Answer 25

Transferrin in plasma - Transferrin transports iron to bone marrow - Extra iron gets stored in liver and heart

Question 26

H antigen

Answer 26

Carbs linked mainly to Band3 protein, the anion exchange protein of the red cell membrane - present in type O cells - Precursor to A and B antigen - Carb sequence

Question 27

Extra N-acetyl-galactosamine

Answer 27

Type A cell antigen

Question 28

extra alpha-galactose

Answer 28

Type B cell antigen

Question 29

Serum antibodies

Answer 29

Antibodies to the antigen you don't have - Anti-A and Anti-B - Appear in first years of life

Question 30

Possible mechanisms of antibodies

Answer 30

1. created in response to exposure from similar environmental/food antigens 2. "Light in Dark Theory" viruses take part of membrane from one host and carry them to other hosts where they elicit an immune response

Question 31

Agglutination Reactions

Answer 31

How to tell blood type - IgGs binding to blood antigens crosslink blood cells to form large aggregate of cells - Signals incompatibility

Question 32

Major crossmatch

Answer 32

Comparison of donor erythrocytes to recipient serum | -checking antibodies in recipient

Question 33

Blood type Rh Factor

Answer 33

5 main Rhesus antigens (C, c, D, E, e) - Rh factor refer to RhD antigen only - Antibodies only developed against the Rh factor through placental sensitization

Question 34

RhD pos

Answer 34

Has RhD antigen | -RhD neg: does not have the antigen

Question 35

Hemolytic Disease of Newborn

Answer 35

aka Erythroblastosis fetalis - IgG antibodies produced by mother (Rh-) attack the RBCs in the fetal circulation (Rh+) - Must have had earlier pregnancy w/ Rh+ fetus to develop antibodies

Question 36

Rhogam

Answer 36

Antibody to Rh+ antigen | -binding any fetal RBCs w/ the D antigen before the mother is able to produce an immune response and form and anti-D IgG

Question 37

Transfusion Compatibility

Answer 37

Can receive blood for which you have no antibodies -Does not consider possible reactions of anti-A and anti-B antibodies in donor blood to recipient of RBCs (b/c small vol of plasma is transfused)

Question 38

Plasma Transfusion

Answer 38

Opposite reaction from blood transfusion b/c plasma contains antibodies -O can only receive O and AB can be given to anyone