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Human Physiology > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

Muscle

A

Muscle fibers (cells), connective tissue, nerves, blood supply

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2
Q

Fascicle

A

Bundles of fibers surrounded by connective tissue

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3
Q

Tendon

A

Connective tissue that extends beyond fascicles and holds muscle to bone

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4
Q

Muscle fibers

A

Cells

-contain multiple nuclei and mitochondria

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5
Q

T tubules

A

Transmission of action potential

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6
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

Calcium storage

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7
Q

Myofibrils

A

Contractile unit inside muscle fibers

-Contain sarcomeres

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8
Q

What do sarcomeres do during contraction?

A

Shorten in response to stimulation

-From z disk to z disk

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9
Q

Actin

A

Thin filaments

-Nebulin anchors

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10
Q

Myosin

A

Thick filaments

-Titin anchors

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11
Q

A bands (anisotropic)

A

Dark bands composed of overlapping actin and myosin

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12
Q

H band

A

Center of A band

-myosin only

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13
Q

M band

A

Center line of H band

-Myomesin and myosin

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14
Q

I bands (isotropic)

A

Light bands composed of actin

-Z disk is found in center of each I band

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15
Q

Myosin Molecule

A

Dimer of golf clubs

-200-300 myosin molecules per thick filament

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16
Q

Heavy Meromyosin

A

Globular heads with short tails

-S1 and S2 domains

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17
Q

S1 domain

A

the globular head binds ATP and forms crossbridge

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18
Q

S2 domain

A

Proximal portion of tail

-Movement of myosin heads

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19
Q

Light Meromyosin

A

Myosin tails that assemble myosin into the thick filament

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20
Q

Actin Myofilaments

A

2 strands of F actin composed of individual monomers of G actin molecules

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21
Q

G actin molecules

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A

Binding site for the S1 domain of myosin

22
Q

Tropomyosin

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A

2 strands follow the grooves of F actin and cover the S1 binding sites of the G actin so myosin cannot bind

23
Q

Troponin

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A

Single molecule found near the beginning of the tropomyosin molecule

24
Q

TnT

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A

Binds to tropomyosin

25
TnC
Binds to Ca
26
TnI
Binds to actin
27
Alpha actinin
Anchors the thin filament to the z line
28
Desmin and Vimenten
Intermediate filaments that anchor to neighboring z lines of myofibrils to keep them aligned
29
Dystrophin
One of many proteins that anchor myofibrils to the sarcolemma -Via actin binding
30
Summation
Interval of time b/w action potentials is shortened so muscle fibers can't relax b/w 2 stimuli -Results in more forceful contraction
31
How to increase force of contraction in a single muscle fiber
- Increase frequency of of action potentials | - Summation
32
Tetanus
Maximum contraction caused by repeated stimulation of muscle fibers at short intervals
33
Isotonic
Movement of the body
34
Isometric
No net movement (maintaining balance)
35
Sliding Filament Theory
Movement of actin and myosin fibers past one another shortens sarcomere -A band remains the same, I and H bands shorten
36
Excitation-Contraction (EC) Coupling
- DHP receptors in t tubules respond to voltage change | - This opens RyR channels which release Ca into cytoplasm
37
1 Cycle of contraction-relaxation cycle
1 muscle twitch -Myosin binds to actin -Powerstroke shortens sarcomere Myosin releases actin after loss of stimulus
38
Motor Unit
- Smallest functional unit of contraction | - Motor neuron and all the fibers it activates
39
Factors that affect muscle tension (3)
1. Number of muscle cells per motor unit (More=stronger and less control) 2. Number of active motor units (muscle tone) 3. Frequency of stimulation
40
Myogram
Recording of muscle activity that shows relationship b/w stimulus and twitch
41
Latent Period
Lag time b/w stimulation and start of contraction due to Ca release
42
Tetanus
Prolonged stimulation that results in no relaxation period
43
Muscle Energy Source 10 sec
ATP-->ADP + P
44
Energy Source 30 sec
ADP and creatine-p become ATP and creatine via creatine kinase
45
Energy Source 3-5 min
Glycogen Glucose makes 2 ATP Anaerobic
46
Energy Source Long Term
Glucose and fatty acids converted to ATP | Aerobic
47
Type 1 Muscle Fibers
Slow Twitch - slower contractions (breaks down ATP slowly and takes back Ca slowly) - ATP via anaerobic respiration - Rich in myoglobin - Darker - High endurance
48
Type 2 Muscle Fibers
- Faster contractions (break down ATP quickly and takes back Ca quickly) - ATP via glycoloysis - Lighter color
49
Oxidative Glycolytic Muscle Fibers (2A)
-Medium endurance (standing, walking)
50
Glycolytic Muscle Fibers (2X)
-Least endurance (sprinting, eye movements)

Human Physiology (14 decks)

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