Ch. 9 Central Nervous System

Question 1

Neural Plate

Answer 1

Flat cluster of cells that will become neural tube

Question 2

Neural Tube

Answer 2

Formed from folding neural plate

• Neural crest cells become neurons of PNS
• Outer layer becomes neurons and glia of CNS
• Inner layer becomes epithelial ependyma or stem cells

Question 3

Spina Bifida

Answer 3

When neural tube fails to close

-Folate deficiency

Question 4

Protective Mechanisms of CNS (5)

Answer 4

• Skull
• Meninges
• Blood/brain barrier
• Cerebral Spinal Fluid
• Vertebrae

Question 5

Fontanels

Answer 5

Spaces where parts of skull have not fused

Question 6

Chiari Malformation

Answer 6

Too large of opening at brainstem or too small skull

Question 7

Vertebrae

Answer 7

33

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

Question 8

Meninges

Answer 8

Cushion the brain
Dura Mater
Arachnoid membrane
Pia Mater

Question 9

Dura Mater

Answer 9

Outermost layer of meninges

-drainage of excess fluid

Question 10

Arachnoid membrane

Answer 10

Middle layer of meninges

Question 11

Pia Mater

Answer 11

Attached to surface of brain

-arterial blood supply

Question 12

Meningitis

Answer 12

Inflammation of the meninges

Question 13

Cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 13

• Synthesized by the choroid plexus
• Physical protection (brain floats)
• Chem protection (lower K and higher H)
• Waste removal

Question 14

Blood brain barrier

Answer 14

capillaries in brain are more selective

-tight junctions b/w epithelial cells (induced by astrocytes)

Question 15

Blood brain barrier transport

Answer 15

Requires transport proteins in cell membranes and lipid soluble molecules that can diffuse

Question 16

Exceptions to blood brain barrier

Answer 16

Hypothalamus that secretes hormones

Vomiting center that detects toxins

Question 17

Spinal Nerves

Answer 17

Delivery of info b/w spine and PNS

• Enter spine in pairs b/w vertebrae
• Dorsal Root (sensory info)
• Ventral Root (efferent info)

Question 18

Tracts

Answer 18

Communication bundles b/w parts of CNS

Question 19

Ascending tracts

Answer 19

receive info from sensory neurons and send to brain

Question 20

Descending tracts

Answer 20

Send info from brain to motor neurons

Question 21

Spinal reflexes

Answer 21

Interneurons signal a response w/out sending info to the brain

Question 22

Cranial Nerves

Answer 22

Nerves that arise directly from the brain NOT spinal cord

• Olfactory enters forebrain
• Others enter brainstem

Question 23

Brain Stem

Answer 23

Oldest most primitive region

• Medulla Oblongata
• Pons
• Midbrain

Question 24

Medulla Oblongata

Answer 24

Controls blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, vomiting

Question 25

Pons

Answer 25

Communication b/w cerebellum and cerebrum - helps control breathing - Brain stem

Question 26

Midbrain

Answer 26

Primary function in eye movement - Auditory and visual reflexes - Brain stem

Question 27

Cerebellum

Answer 27

Processing of sensory info - Speech, movement, and balance - effected by alcohol

Question 28

Diencephalon

Answer 28

Center of homeostasis | Thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland

Question 29

Hypothalamus

Answer 29

Major control center - Thirst, hunger, body temp, sympathetic NS, cardiovascular control - Influences behavior and emotion - Hormone release from anterior pituitary

Question 30

Pituitary gland

Answer 30

- Anterior: secretion of true hormones | - Posterior: secretion of neurohormones

Question 31

Thalamus

Answer 31

Processing and integration of sensory info

Question 32

Pineal Gland

Answer 32

secretion of melatonin

Question 33

Cerebrum

Answer 33

Largest portion in charge of higher brain functions 2 hemispheres 4 lobes

Question 34

Regions of Cerebrum

Answer 34

1. Cerebral cortex 2. Basal ganglia 3. Limbic system

Question 35

Cerebral Cortex

Answer 35

outermost layer in charge of higher functions

Question 36

Basal Ganglia

Answer 36

Control of movement

Question 37

Limbic System

Answer 37

Emotion, learning, and memory