Ch 16 - Childhood and Adolescence Flashcards
(25 cards)
Nutrition During Infancy
-Infant birth weight triples by 1
yr
-During year 2, a toddler grows 5
in and gains only about 10 lbs.
-Infants require about 100
cals/kg
Breastfeeding vs Infant Formula
Breastfeeding
-Antibodies for baby
-Growth of food gut bacteria
-Regulates cell growth
-Kills harmful bacteria in the
gut
Infant Formulas
-Must meet standards
developed by the American
Academy of Pediatrics
-FDA mandates safety and
nutritional quality
-Special formulas
-Inappropriate formulas
Special Needs of Preterm Infants
-Preterm growth chart
-Takes into account gestational
age
-Immature gut
-Immature sucking reflex
-Special nutrient needs
-Mom’s breastmilk is different
when infant is preterm
-May add supplements tp
breastmilk
Introducing Cow’s Milk
-Cow’s milk is a poor source of
iron
-Not recommended before age 1
-May cause intestinal bleeding in
infants less than 6 mo = further
iron loss.
-May stress infant kidneys
-Infant cereals should be made
with breastmilk or formula
-Yogurt may be introduced when
complementary foods begin
Complementary Foods
In addition to breast milk or formula
-Between 4 to 6 months
-Iron-fortified cereal
-Pureed meats, legumes,
vegetables, fruits
-Between 6 to 8 months
-Textured vegetables and fruits
Complementary Foods
-Between 8 to 10 months
-Breads and cereals from table
-Yogurt
-Soft, cooked vegetables and
fruits from table
-Finely cut meats, fish,
casseroles, cheese, eggs, and
mashed legumes
-Between 10 to 12 months
-Increase variety
-Increase portion sizes
Identifying Food Allergies in Babies
-Introduce single foods one at a
time
-Use small portions at first
-Wait 3-5 dys to introduce next
food
-Symptoms: skin rash, digestive
upset, or respiratory discomfort
-New Recommendation:
introduce peanut-based foods
between 4-6 months to prevent
peanut allergies.
Foods to Omit
-Desserts, including “baby food
desserts” during first 2 years of
life
-Sugar alcohols - tummy trouble
-Canned vegetables and other
high sodium, processed foods
-Honey and corn syrup - risk of
botulism
-An often fatal foodborne
illness caused by the ingestion
of foods containing a toxin
produced by bacteria that
grow without oxygen
Vegetarian and Vegan Diets in Infancy
-Continue breastfeeding or
infant formula
-Mom with adequate diet will
provide essential nutrition to
infant
-Balance is especially important
to ensure adequate iron and
energy
-Continue fortified infant
cereals into 2nd yr
-Add mashed or pureed
legumes, tofu, and cooked
eggs
-Consume milk
-Vegan is much more difficult:
-Fiber, complex carbs, and
water fill stomach before
meeting energy needs.
-Add mashed legumes, tofu,
and avocado
-Use soy formulas or soy milk
that is fortified
-Meet with doctor and dietitian
regularly
Foods at 1 Year
-Sit at table
-Eat many of the same foods as
others
-Drink liquids from up (not bottle
or sippy)
-2-3 cups of whole cow’s milk/dy
-Variety of meats or other
protein, iron-fortified cereals,
enriched or whole grain breads,
fruits, and vegetables.
Mealtimes with Toddlers
-Discourage unacceptable
behavior (standing at table or
throwing food)
-Let toddlers explore food
-Don’t force food on children
-Provide nutritious foods and let
children choose which ones
-Limit sweets
-Making the dining able a place
of peace
Nutrition During Childhood
-A child typically grows 2-3in/yr
-Gains 5-6 lbs
-Age 1 - stand alone and begin to
toddle
-Age 2 - walk and learning to run
-Age 3 - jump and climb with
confidence
-Bones and muscles grow
-It’s what you do most days that
matters most
-Young children may not eat as
much one meal and eat a lot
the next - the total is what
matters.
Hunger and Malnutrition
Hunger and Behavior
-Education outcomes
-Access to school meals
-WIC and SNAP
Iron Deficiency and Behavior
-Affects intellectual
performance
-Decreased O2 to the brain
Other Nutrient Deficiencies and Behavior
-Irritable, aggressive,
disagreeable
-Sad or withdrawn
Malnourished children are at an increased risk of lead poisoning
Hyperactivity vs Hyper Behavior
-Hyperactivity - inattentive and
impulsive behavior that is
frequent and severe
-Trouble sleeping
-Cannot sit still for more than a
few minutes
-Act impulsively
-Difficulty paying attention
-Affects social development
and academics
-Research does not connect
sugar intake to hyperactivity -
may be a nutrient deficiency
-Research is inconclusive about
food additives - may affect
different children differently
Misbehaving
-Looking for the root cause
-All children may be difficult to
manage at times
-Desire for attention
-Lack of sleep
-Too much TV
-Lack of exercise
-Children need regular hours of
sleep, regular mealtimes, and
regular outdoor activity.
Food Allergies in Children
-Food Allergy - an adverse
reaction to food that involves an
immune response
-Anaphylactic Shock - a life-
threatening, whole-body allergic
reaction to an offending
substance
-Must read food labels
-Food Intolerance - an adverse
reaction or unusual response to
food that is not life-threatening
and is not an immune response
(stomach ache, headache,
nausea, hives, cough).
Symptoms of Anaphylactic Shock
-Tingling sensation in the mouth
-Swelling of tongue and throat
-Irritated, red eyes
-Difficulty breathing/asthma
-Hives, swelling, rashes
-Vomiting, cramps, diarrhea
-Drop in BP
-Loss of consciousness
Top 8 Food Allergies
-Shellfish
-Peanuts
-Wheat
-Milk
-Fish
-Tree Nuts
-Soy
-Eggs
Childhood Obesity
-35% of children ages 2-19 are
either overweight or obese in
the US
-Overweight - at or above the
85th percentile on the BMI for
chart
-Obese - at or above the 95th
percentile
-Severe obesity - at or above the
120th percentile
-Affects current and future
health of child
Causes of Childhood Obesity
-Genetic Factors
-Environmental Factors
-TV
-Video games and computer
time
-Limit screen time to no more
than 2 hrs/dy
-Increased snacking
-Sodas and sweet tea
-No more family meals
-Increased foods away from
home
Treating Childhood Obesity
-Diet
-Physical Activity
-Psychological Support
-Behavioral Changes
-Drugs
-Surgery
Mealtimes at Home
-Allow children to select their
foods
-Allow children to help prepare
meals as age appropriate
-Avoid power struggles
-Prevent chocking
-Play first
-Limit snacking
-Avoid sticky, sugary foods to
prevent dental caries
School Meals
-Must meet USDA Meal Patterns
-Milk
-Whole grain
-Protein
-Fruit
-Vegetables
Nutrition During Adolescence
-A time of rapid physical,
emotional, intellectual, and
social changes
-Balance can be difficult
-Important for future health
-Peer pressure - alcohol, eating
disorders, athletic goals
-Often influenced by
misinformation
-Increased energy and nutrient
needs for growth - Vitamin D,
Calcium, Iron
