CH 16: The Cell Cycle - (Key Terms)

Question 1

The CELL CYCLE

Anaphase

Answer 1

Phase of Mitosis during which Sister Chromatids SEPARATE + MOVE to OPPOSITE Poles of the Spindle.

Question 2

The CELL CYCLE

Anaphase-Promoting Complex/Cyclosome

(APC/C)

Answer 2

a Ubiquitin-Ligase that Triggers Progression from Metaphase to Anaphase by Signaling the Degradation of Cyclin B + Cohesins.

Question 3

The CELL CYCLE

ATM

Answer 3

Protein Kinase that RECOGNIZES Damaged DNA + LEADS TO Cell Cycle ARREST.

Question 4

The CELL CYCLE

ATR

Answer 4

Protein Kinase related to ATM that leads to Cell Cycle ARREST in Response to DNA damage.

Question 5

The CELL CYCLE

Aurora Kinase

Answer 5

Family of Protein Kinase involved in Mitotic Spindle formation, Kinetochore Function,+ Cytokinesis.

Question 6

The CELL CYCLE

Cdk

Answer 6

A member of a family of cyclin-dependent protein kinases that control the cell cycle of eukaryotes.

Question 7

The CELL CYCLE

Cdk inhibitor

(CKI)

Answer 7

Member of a family of proteins that bind Cdk’s and inhibit their activity.

Question 8

The CELL CYCLE

Cdk1

Answer 8

A protein-serine/threonine kinase that is a key regulator of mitosis in eukaryotic cells.

Question 9

The CELL CYCLE

cell cycle checkpoint

Answer 9

A regulatory point that prevents entry into the next phase of the cell cycle until the events of the preceding phase have been completed.

Question 10

The CELL CYCLE

centromere

Answer 10

A specialized chromosomal region that connects sister chromatids and attaches them to the mitotic spindle.

Question 11

The CELL CYCLE

centrosome

Answer 11

The microtubule-organizing center in animal cells.

Question 12

The CELL CYCLE

Checkpoint Kinase

Answer 12

Protein Kinase (Chk1 or Chk2) that BRINGS ABOUT Cell Cycle ARREST in response to Damaged DNA.

Question 13

The CELL CYCLE

Chiasmata

Answer 13

Sites of Recombination that LINK Homologous Chromosomes during Meiosis.

Question 14

The CELL CYCLE

Cohesin

Answer 14

Protein that MAINTAINS the CONNECTION b/t/n Sister Chromatids.

Question 15

The CELL CYCLE

Condensin

Answer 15

Protein Complex that DRIVES Metaphase Chromosome Condensation.

Question 16

The CELL CYCLE

Contractile Ring

Answer 16

• Structure of Actin + Myosin II that Forms BENEATH the Plasma Membrane during Mitosis +
• MEDIATES Cytokinesis.

Question 17

The CELL CYCLE

Cyclin

Answer 17

• Member of a Family of Proteins that REGULATE the Activity of Cdk’s +
• CONTROL Progression through the Cell Cycle.

Question 18

The CELL CYCLE

Cytokinesis

Answer 18

Division of a Cell following Mitosis or Meiosis.

Question 19

The CELL CYCLE

Cytostatic Factor

(CSF)

Answer 19

Cytoplasmic Factor that ARRESTS Oocyte Meiosis @ Metaphase II.

Question 20

The CELL CYCLE

Aurora Kinase

Answer 20

Family of Protein Kinase INVOLVED in:

• Mitotic Spindle Formation
• Kinetochore Function
• Cytokinesis.

Question 21

The CELL CYCLE

Cdk Inhibitor

(CKI)

Answer 21

Member of a Family of Proteins that:

• BIND Cdk’s +
• Inhibit their Activity

Question 22

The CELL CYCLE

Cell Cycle Checkpoint

Answer 22

Regulatory Point that PREVENTS ENTRY into the Next Phase of the Cell Cycle UNTIL the Events of the preceding Phase have been Completed.

Question 23

The CELL CYCLE

Centromere

Answer 23

Specialized Chromosomal Region that:

• CONNECTS Sister Chromatids +
• ATTACHES them to the Mitotic Spindle.

Question 24

The CELL CYCLE

Centrosome

Answer 24

Microtubule-Organizing Center in Animal Cells.

Question 25

# The CELL CYCLE **Checkpoint Kinase**

Answer 25

Protein Kinase (Chk1 or Chk2) that brings about Cell Cycle ARREST in Response to Damaged DNA.

Question 26

# The CELL CYCLE **Chiasmata**

Answer 26

Sites of Recombination that LINK Homologous Chromosomes during Meiosis.

Question 27

# The CELL CYCLE **Cohesin**

Answer 27

Protein that MAINTAINS Connection b/t/n Sister Chromatids.

Question 28

# The CELL CYCLE **Condensin**

Answer 28

Protein Complex that drives Metaphase Chromosome Condensation.

Question 29

# The CELL CYCLE **Contractile Ring**

Answer 29

Structure of Actin + Myosin II that Forms BENEATH the Plasma Membrane DURING Mitosis + MEDIATES Cytokinesis.

Question 30

# The CELL CYCLE **Cyclin**

Answer 30

Member of a Family of Proteins that REGULATE the Activity of Cdk’s + CONTROL Progression thru the Cell Cycle.

Question 31

# The CELL CYCLE **Cytokinesis**

Answer 31

Division of a Cell FOLLOWING Mitosis or Meiosis.

Question 32

# The CELL CYCLE **Cytostatic Factor** **(CSF)**

Answer 32

Cytoplasmic Factor that ARRESTS Oocyte Meiosis @ Metaphase II.

Question 33

# The CELL CYCLE **Diakinesis**

Answer 33

Final Stage of Prophase of Meiosis I - during which: ## Footnote * the Chromosomes FULLY CONDENSE + * Cell Progresses to Metaphase.

Question 34

# The CELL CYCLE **Diplotene**

Answer 34

Stage of Mieosis I during which Homologous Chromosomes SEPARATE along their Length, but REMAIN associated @ Chiasmata.

Question 35

# The CELL CYCLE **DNA Damage Checkpoint**

Answer 35

Cell Cycle Checkpoint that ENSURE that Damaged DNA is NOT REPLICATED + PASSED on to Daughter Cells.

Question 36

# The CELL CYCLE **E2F**

Answer 36

Family of Transcription Factors that: ## Footnote * REGULATE the Expression of Genes involved in Cell Cycle Progression + DNA Replication.

Question 37

# The CELL CYCLE **Fertilization**

Answer 37

Union of a Sperm + an Egg.

Question 38

# The CELL CYCLE **Flow Cytometer**

Answer 38

Instrument that MEASURES Fluoresence Intensity of Individual Cells.

Question 39

# The CELL CYCLE **Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorter**

Answer 39

Instrument that SORTS Individual Cells on the basis of their Fluorescence Intensity.

Question 40

# The CELL CYCLE ## Footnote **G₀**

Answer 40

a Quiescent State in which Cells REMAIN Metabolically ACTIVE, but DO NOT Proliferate.

Question 41

# The CELL CYCLE **G₁ cyclin** **(Cln)**

Answer 41

Yeast Cyclin that CONTROLS Passage thru START.

Question 42

# The CELL CYCLE **G₁ phase**

Answer 42

Phase of Cell Cycle b/t/n the End of Mitosis + the Beginning of DNA Synthesis.

Question 43

# The CELL CYCLE **G₂ phase**

Answer 43

Phase of Cell Cycle b/t/n the End of S phase + the Beginning of Mitosis.

Question 44

# The CELL CYCLE **Interphase**

Answer 44

Period of the Cell Cycle b/t/n Mitoses that includes G1, S, + G2 phases.

Question 45

# The CELL CYCLE **Kinetochore**

Answer 45

Specialized Structure consisting of Proteins attached to a Centromere that MEDIATES the Attachment + Movement of Chromosomes along the Mitotic Spindle.

Question 46

# The CELL CYCLE **Leptotene**

Answer 46

Initial Stage of the Extended Prophase of Meiosis I during which Homologous Chromosomes PAIR BEFORE Condensation.

Question 47

# The CELL CYCLE **M phase**

Answer 47

Mitotic Phase of the Cell Cycle.

Question 48

# The CELL CYCLE **Maturation Promoting Factor** ## Footnote **(MPF)**

Answer 48

Complex of Cdk1 + Cyclin B that PROMOTES ENTRY into M phase of either Mitosis or Meiosis.

Question 49

# The CELL CYCLE **Meiosis**

Answer 49

Division of Diploid Cells to Haploid Progeny, consisting of 2 Sequential Rounds of Nuclear + Cellular Division.

Question 50

# The CELL CYCLE **Metaphase**

Answer 50

Phase of Mitosis during which the Chromosomes are ALIGNED on a Metaphase Plate in the Center of the Cell.

Question 51

# The CELL CYCLE **Mitosis**

Answer 51

Nuclear Division - Most DRAMATIC Stage of Cell Cycle, corresponding to the Separation of Daughter Chromosomes + usually Ending w/ Cell Division (Cytokinesis).

Question 52

# The CELL CYCLE **Mitotic Spindle**

Answer 52

Array of Microtubules extending from the Spindle Poles that is responsible for Separating Daughter Chromosomes during Mitosis. ## Footnote *(See also Kinetochore Microtubules, Polar Microtubules, Chromosomal Microtubules, + Astral Microtubules).*

Question 53

# The CELL CYCLE **Mos**

Answer 53

Protein Kinase that is REQUIRED for Progression from Meiosis I ⟶ Meiosis II + Maintenance of Metaphase II ARREST in Vertebrate Oocytes.

Question 54

# The CELL CYCLE ***p*53**

Answer 54

Transcription Factor (ENCODED by the *p*53 Tumor Suppressor Gene) that ARRESTS the Cell Cycle in G₁ in response to Damaged DNA + is REQUIRED for Apoptosis Induced by a Variety of Stimuli.

Question 55

# The CELL CYCLE **Pachytene**

Answer 55

Stage of Meiosis I during which Recombination takes place b/t/n Homologous Chromosomes.

Question 56

# The CELL CYCLE **Polar Body**

Answer 56

Small Cell formed by Asymmetric Cell Division following Meiosis of Oocytes.

Question 57

# The CELL CYCLE **Polo-like Kinase**

Answer 57

Protein Kinase involved in Mitotic Spindle Formation, Kinetochore function, + Cytokinesis.

Question 58

# The CELL CYCLE **PROMetaphase**

Answer 58

Transition Period b/t/n Prophase + Metaphase during which the Microtubules of the Mitotic Spindle attach to the Kinetochores + the Chromosomes Shuffle until they Align in Center of the Cell.

Question 59

# The CELL CYCLE **PRONucleus**

Answer 59

1 of the 2 Haploid Nuclei in a Newly Fertilized Egg.

Question 60

# The CELL CYCLE **Prophase**

Answer 60

Beginning Phase of Mitosis, marked by the Appearance of Condensed Chromosomes + the Development of the Mitotic Spindle.

Question 61

# The CELL CYCLE **Rb**

Answer 61

Transcriptional Regulatory Protein that CONTROLS Cell Cycle Progression + is ENCODED by a Tumor Suppressor Gene that was identified by the genetic analysis of Retinoblastoma.

Question 62

# The CELL CYCLE **Restriction Point**

Answer 62

Regulatory Point in Animal Cell Cycles that occurs _LATE in G_₁ ## Footnote _AFTER this point_, a Cell is COMMITED to Entering S + Undergoing 1 Cell Division Cycle.

Question 63

# The CELL CYCLE **S phase**

Answer 63

Phase of Cell Cycle during which DNA Replication occurs

Question 64

# The CELL CYCLE **Spindle Assembly Checkpoint**

Answer 64

Cell Cycle Checkpoint that MONITORS the ALIGNMENT on Chromosomes on the Metaphase Spindle.

Question 65

# The CELL CYCLE **START**

Answer 65

Regulatory Point in the YEAST Cell Cycle that occurs _LATE in G_₁. ## Footnote _AFTER this point,_ a Cell is COMMITED to Entering S + Undergoing 1 Cell Division Cycle.

Question 66

# The CELL CYCLE **Synapsis**

Answer 66

Association of Homologous Chromosomes during Meiosis.

Question 67

# The CELL CYCLE **Synaptomenal Complex**

Answer 67

Zipper-like Protein Structure that forms along the Length of Paired Homologous Chromosomes during Meiosis.

Question 68

# The CELL CYCLE **Tumor Suppressor Gene**

Answer 68

Gene whose INACTIVATION Leads to Tumor Development.

Question 69

# The CELL CYCLE **Telophase**

Answer 69

Final Phase of Mitosis, during which the Nuclei RE-FORM + Chromosomes DECONDENSE.

Question 70

# The CELL CYCLE **Zygote**

Answer 70

Fertilized Egg

Question 71

# The CELL CYCLE **Zygotene**

Answer 71

Stage of Meiosis I during which Homologous Chromosomes become Closely Associated.