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Biological Psych > Ch 16b > Flashcards

Ch 16b Flashcards

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1
Q

schizophrenia vs bipolar disorder

A

share similarities: including enlarged ventricles. Changes probably include subcortical limbic structures, such as the amygdala.

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2
Q

 OCD patients have increased metabolic rates in

A

 OCD patients have increased metabolic rates in orbitofrontal cortex, cingulate cortex and caudate nuclei

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3
Q

T/F Most of the retinal ganglion cells that extend their axons to the SCN rely on traditional photoreceptors (rods and cons) to learn about light

A

FALSE

Most of the retinal ganglion cells that extend their axons to the SCN do not rely on traditional photoreceptors (rods and cons) to learn about light
 Rather, these retinal ganglion cells are themselves sensitive to light because they contain a special photopigment called melanopsin

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4
Q

Fun fact: _____ is most sensitive to blue light, which is why blue light has the largest effect on human circadian systems

A

Fun fact: melanopsin is most sensitive to blue light, which is why blue light has the largest effect on human circadian systems

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5
Q

 What type of photopigment do retinal ganglion cells use to communicate information to the SCN?

A

 What type of photopigment do retinal ganglion cells use to communicate information to the SCN?
 Melanopsin

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6
Q

Tourette’s Syndrome treatment

A

 haloperidol, a dopamine antagonist, is a primary treatment

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7
Q

what do retinal ganglion release onto neurons in the SCN?

A

glutamate

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8
Q

the _____ hypothesis probs accounts for reduced frontal cortex activity in schizophrenia

A

the glutamate hypothesis probs accounts for reduced frontal cortex activity in schizophrenia

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9
Q

GLUT stimulation of the SCN (from the retinal ganglion cells)

A

GLUT stimulation= increased PER= entrained molecular clock to light/dark cycle

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10
Q

location of the SCN

A

 sitting above the optic chiasm and by the third ventricle

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11
Q

early in life about ___% of sleep is REM sleep, in adulthood ____% of sleep is REM sleep

A

early in life about 50% of sleep is REM sleep, in adulthood 20% of sleep is REM sleep

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12
Q

 Release of growth hormone during ______

A

 Release of growth hormone during SWS

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13
Q

describe the elevated moods of mania

A

(overactivity, talkativeness, grandiosity, energy)

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14
Q

T/F per and cry are proteins

A

FALSE per and cry are genes that make Per and Cry proteins

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15
Q

 second generation antipsychotics

A

 second generation antipsychotics don’t have a high affinity for dopamine receptors, but instead feature high affinity for other receptors (serotonin)

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16
Q

T/F SSRIS are more effect than both MAO inhibitors & tricyclics

A

SSRIS more effect than MAO inhibitors & tricyclics + fewer side effects

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17
Q

 in the motor cortex
 when person is awake: more neurons are in the ___ state
 when person is asleep: more neurons are in the _____ state

A

 in the motor cortex
 when person is awake: more neurons are in the on state
 when person is asleep: more neurons are in the off state

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18
Q

tricyclics

A

tricyclics conform to the monoamine hypothesis bc they inhibit the reuptake of monoamines, boosting their synaptic activity

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19
Q

stage 1 sleep

A

alpha rhythms appear during relaxation. sharp waves called vertex spikes appear

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20
Q

alogia

A

Alogia is characterized by a lack of speech, often caused by a disruption in the thought process

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21
Q

katamine

A

too few glut receptors can cause schizophrenia- blocking NMDA glut receptor (by PCP or ketamine) induces psychosis like symptoms

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22
Q

REM dreaming is triggered by :

A

REM dreaming is triggered by ‘PGO wave’-

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23
Q

in ____, body metabolic rates drop- suggesting _____ function of sleep

A

in NREM, body metabolic rates drop- suggesting an energy preservation/body restorative function of sleep

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24
Q

the generation of large EEG signals is by _____ activity

A

the generation of large EEG signals is by synchronous activity

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25
 Panic disorder symptoms include:
 Panic disorder symptoms include:  Sudden and repeated attacks of intense fear  Feelings of being out of control during a panic attack  Intense worries about when the next attack will happen  Fear or avoidance of places where panic attacks have occurred in the past
26
NEED HIPPO TO FORM :
NEED HIPPO TO FORM COGNITIVE MAP IN SPACE
27
What is consolidation?
- volatile short term memories into durable long term memory (medial temporal important)
28
how do anesthetics work
- produce slow waves in EEG that resemble SWS - almost all are noncompetitive agonists of GABAa, antagonists at Glutamate and Acetylcholine - they boost inhibitory effect on neurons
29
bipolar 1 vs bipolar 2
A person with bipolar 1 may or may not experience a major depressive episode, while a person with bipolar 2 will experience a major depressive episode.
30
stage 1 sleep
The initial stage of slow-wave sleep, which is characterized by small-amplitude EEG waves of irregular frequency, slow heart rate, and reduced muscle tension
31
sleep cycle: def | a sleep cycle lasts :
A period of slow-wave sleep followed by a period of REM sleep. In humans, a sleep cycle lasts 90-110 minutes
32
Which of the following has not been found to demonstrate a circadian rhythm? A) Body temperature B) Hormone secretion C) Drug sensitivity D) None of the above; they all demonstrate a circadian rhythm
D) None of the above; they all demonstrate a circadian rhythm
33
T/F people with PTSD have elevated cortisol levels
FALSE |  paradoxically : would think that PTSD would have elevate cortisol BUT they have lower !!!
34
How does heart rate/respiration change in NREM and REM?
NREM: slow decline of both REM: variable in bursts
35
Small lesions of the locus coerulues _______ the loss of motor inhibition during REM sleep. A) increase B) abolish C) diminish D) have no effect upon
B) abolish
36
how prevelant is schizophrenia
- 1% of all people - 50% in monozygotic twins, shows there is a strong genetic factor - symptomatic twin often weighs less at birth and is more sensitive
37
The process by which an animal slowly shifts its circadian rhythm to synchronize with the time of sunrise each day is called: A) period adjustment B) zeitigeber C) entrainment D) shifting
C) entrainment
38
After a day of intensive studying for an exam, a student's sleep during the following night will most likely contain: A) more REM sleep than usual B) more SWS than usual C) less REM sleep than usual D) the usual amounts of REM sleep and SWS
A) more REM sleep than usual
39
What is the relationship between PCP and NMDA?
- PCP is a non competitive NMDA antagonist - schizophrenia caused by understimulation of glutamate receptors, PCP causes symptoms like schizophrenia - ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, has similar effect
40
REM sleep is normally preceded by stage _______ SWS. A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4
B) 2
41
The type of rhythmicity characterized by the regular, predictable onset of a particular behavior about once a month is called: A) infradian B) ultradian C) circadian D) circannual
A) infradian
42
-NREM helps in ____ memory
-NREM helps in declarative memory
43
sleep spindles
A characteristic 14- to 18-Hz wave in the EEG of a person in stage 2 sleep
44
remembering your first day of school is an example of .....
 Episodic memory
45
How was HM's classical conditioning?
- could learn delay conditioning but not trace conditioning - shows simple classical conditioning is not dependent on hippocampus - short term memory intact but he couldn't learn anything with a delay more than .5 secs
46
In the absence of light cues, hamsters with two copies of the tau mutation will show biological rhythms with periods of _____ hours. A) just under 24 B) about 20 C) about 12 D) about 8
B) about 20
47
retinohypathalamic pathway -if you cut it off before the SCN vs if you damage past SCN (like in the geniculate)
- light -> retina -> SCN - cells have melanopsin which makes them sensitive to light - temporal stays on side, nasal crosses sides - if you cut it off before the SCN they cannot entrain to light, if you damage past SCN (like in the geniculate) they will entrain but rhythm will be free running
48
Experimental evidence suggests that the biological role of dreaming during REM sleep may be related to the: A) consolidation of perceptual learning B) effort to shed bad memories C) processing of intense sexual excitement D) problem-solving activities of the brain
A) consolidation of perceptual learning
49
The external cue that animals use to discern the time of day is called a: A) period adjuster B) phase shift C) zeitgeber D) temporizer
C) zeitgeber
50
How do human sleep patterns change with age?
- sleep more as infants and half of it is REM - babies have shorter sleep cycles - with age, % of REM declines but hours of sleep and NREM doesn't decline as much
51
stage 2 sleep
A stage of slow-wave sleep that is defined by bursts of regular 14- to 18-Hz EEG waves called sleep spindles
52
``` Sleep enuresis is associated with A) stage 1 SWS B) stage 2 SWS C) stages 3 and 4 SWS D) REM sleep ```
C) stages 3 and 4 SWS
53
Lesions of which of the following hypothalamic sites do not interrupt the infradian rhythms related to body weight and reproductive status? A) Basal hypothalamus B) SCN C) Rostral hypothalamus D) Lesions of any of these sites disrupt infradian rhythms
B) SCN
54
Morns: Visual discrimination in Y-maze
- simultaneous test: black and white at same time, reward if they choose black - successive test: if arms are white go right, if black go left (rule based) - animals with hippocampal lesions can't do successive but can do simultaneous
55
Norepinephrine innervation to the brain comes primarily from the: A) tuberomammilary nucleus B) locus coeruleus C) reticular formation D) basal forebrain
B) locus coeruleus
56
Bunsey: Inferential Memory Expression
-hippocampal lesioned rats don't show this because they can learn pairing but not RELATIONSHIPS
57
It has been proposed that SWS is promoted through the actions of GABA on the ______, which _______ the reticular formation. A) tuberomammilary nucleus; activates B) tuberomammilary nucleus; actively inhibits C) locus coeruleus; activates D) locus coerulues; actively inhibits
B) tuberomammilary nucleus; actively inhibits
58
12. Sufferers from combat-related PTSD may experience memory problems as a result of cell loss in the _______ produced by _______. a. cortex; low levels of glucocorticoids b. cortex; high levels of testosterone c. hippocampus; high levels of glucocorticoids d. hippocampus; low levels of testosterone
c. hippocampus; high levels of glucocorticoids
59
Which of the following are positive symptoms of schizophrenia a. hallucinations b. disorganized thinking c. affective disturbances d. both a and b
d. both a and b | * I THINK
60
According to the monoamine hypothesis, depression is caused by a. excessive reuptake of serotonin. b. the blockade of dopamine. c. a decrease in levels of acetylcholine. d. a decrease in the synaptic activity of connections that use norepinephrine and serotonin.
a decrease in the synaptic activity of connections that use norepinephrine and serotonin.
61
NREM
- dull or absent sensation or perception - thought is logical and preservative - movement is episodic and involuntary
62
What are the 4 parts of the brain related to sleep and what do they do?
basal forebrain: promotes SWS by releases GABA into hypothalamus. stimulation of this induces sleep. lesion of this induces insomnia reticular formation in the brainstem: stimulation of this induces wake (arousal). lesion of this induces constant sleep subcoerulus in pons: promotes REM, medullary axons inhibit the motor axons hypothalamus: uses hypocretin as NT, coordinates the other 3 regions. loss of hypocretin can lead to narcolepsy like actions
63
``` MRI studies of the brains of people with Tourette's syndrome have revealed that, on average, Tourette's patients have _______ compared to normal subjects. A) smaller frontal lobes B) a larger hypothalamus C) smaller amygdalas D) a thinner motor cortex ```
D) a thinner motor cortex
64
Tourette's syndrome
- causes motor and vocal tics, compulsive actions - decrease in activity in somatosensory and motor cortex - increase in D2 receptor binding in caudat
65
PET studies of schizophrenia have shown A) low metabolic activity throughout the brain. B) less metabolic activity in posterior lobes than in frontal lobes. C) a lack of increased prefrontal metabolic activity during certain cognitive tasks. D) metabolic overactivation of the right hemisphere.
a lack of increased prefrontal metabolic activity during certain cognitive tasks.
66
``` Patients with depression do not exhibit A) rapid onset of REM sleep. B) increased amounts of REM in the first half of sleep. C) difficulty falling asleep. D) excessive amounts of stages 3 sleep. ```
D) excessive amounts of stages 3 sleep. (521)
67
Data that support the monoamine hypothesis for depression include the observation that A) some older antidepressant drugs inhibit monoamine oxidase. B) electroconvulsive treatment decreases norepinephrine levels. C) reserpine raises levels of serotonin. D) None of the above
D) None of the above
68
``` C) antagonize dopamine. (529) Pharmacological treatment of Tourette's syndrome involves drugs that A) enhance levels of dopamine. B) inhibit norepinephrine. C) antagonize dopamine. D) enhance GABA. ```
C) antagonize dopamine.
69
Twin studies indicate a large genetic component to schizophrenia. However, another factor may be A. influenza infection of the mother during fetal development. B. incompatible blood types between the mother and the developing fetus. C. city living. D. All of the above
D. All of the above
70
In humans, eye-blink conditioning is associated with increased activity of the - cerebellum - hippocampus - ventral striatum - All of the above
- All of the above
71
A medial temporal lobe structure that is important for learning and memory (548)
hippocampus
72
engram
The physical basis of a memory in the brain. Sometimes referred to as a memory trace on the assumption that it involves changes in a neural circuit rather than a single neuron. (533)
73
 brain regions involved with memory  3 subcortical region involved in memory  striatum : procedural memory  amygdala : emotional memory  hippocampus : declarative memory  these rgions evolved independently and worked competitively
 brain regions involved with memory  3 subcortical region involved in memory  striatum : procedural memory  amygdala : emotional memory  hippocampus : declarative memory  these rgions evolved independently and worked competitively
74
Intermediate term memory
A form of memory that last longer than short-term memory, but not as long as long-term memory (530)
75
Adult mice living in enriched conditions produce new neurons in the: A) cortex B) amygdala C) hypothalamus D) hippocampus
hippocampus
76
cognitive map
A mental representation of a spatial relationship
77
priming
The phenomenon by which exposure to a stimulus facilitates subsequent responses to the same or a similar stimulus (529)
78
working memory
A buffer that holds memories available for ready access during performance of a task (530)
79
Knockout mice lacking the gene for CaM kinase II: A) can form short-term memories, but not long-term memories B) are unable to learn C) do not appear to have memory impairments D) can form long-term memories but not short-term memories
A) can form short-term memories, but not long-term memories
80
Nonassociative Learning
A type of learning in which presentation of a particular stimulus alters the stretch or probability of a response according to the strength and temporal spacing of that stimulus; includes habituation and sensitization (545)

Biological Psych (6 decks)

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