more to study exam 2

Question 1

how to test working memory in animal models - what does it tell us

Answer 1

• lesioned hippocampus: rats did not do well

- hippocampus is needed for working memory

Question 2

 ____ receptors have been called coincident detectors: the coincident is the neurotransmitter release AND the activation of neurotransmitter
-important for?

Answer 2

 NMDA receptors have been called coincident detectors: the coincident is the neurotransmitter release AND the activation of neurotransmitter
 -classical conditioning requires coincident activity

Question 3

The_____ Houses a Circadian Clock

Molecular clock: how does the SCN generate 24 hour Rhythmicity?

Answer 3

hypothalamus
-SCN cells make two proteins: Clock and Cycle, that bind together to form a dimer.
 The dimer promotes transcription of period (per) and cryptochrome (cry) genes.
 Per and Cry proteins dimerize and inhibit transcription of Clock/Cycle genes.
 No new Clock/Cycle proteins are made until the Per/Cry proteins degrade; the cycle takes approximately 24 hours.

 Molecular clock: how does the SCN generate 24 hour Rhythmicity?
 Side note: gene-> transcription -> translation -> protein
 SCN cells make 2 proteins: clock and cycle, that bind together to form a dimer
 The dimers are transcription proteins that interact with a portion of a gene (either Period or Cryptochrome), thereby making protein (Per and Cry)
 Per and Cry bind to form a dimer, which has a negative feedback on the transcription of per and cry genes and thus the production of Per and Cry proteins
 The Per/Cry proteins eventually breakdown, releasing the inhibition of gene transcription and protein production
 This whole cycle takes about 24 hours to complete

Question 4

Studies indicate that the learning of sensorimotor skills, perceptual skills, and cognitive skills are all impaired by lesions that include the

a. basal ganglia.
b. temporal cortex.
c. hippocampus.
d. amygdala.

Answer 4

a. basal ganglia.

Question 5

Which of the following are positive symptoms of schizophrenia

a. hallucinations
b. disorganized thinking
c. affective disturbances
d. both a and b

Answer 5

d. both a and b

Question 6

Small-amplitude, high-frequency EEG patterns with eye movements are seen in people who are in

a. stage 1 sleep.
b. stage 2 sleep.
c. stage 3 sleep.
d. REM sleep.

Answer 6

d. REM sleep.

Question 7

 A person who sleeps about five hours a day and averages 10 to 15 minutes in stage three sleep is likely how old? => 75 years old

Answer 7

75 years old