Exam 1 Flashcards
(35 cards)
Neuroscience
: study of the nervous system.
Behavioral neuroscience:
study of the neural bases of behavior and mental processes.
behavior includes thinking
Goal of Behavioral neuroscience:
understand the neuroscience underlying behavior and experience
major viewpoints of behavioral neuroscience:
Five major viewpoints of behavioral neuroscience:
- Describing behavior
- Evolution of behavior
- Development of behavior and its biological characteristics over life span
- Mechanisms of behavior
- Applications of behavioral neuroscience
-but like he also said in class that there is not only 5 ?
Evolution of behavior
: looking at anatomy of animals; seeing differences in structures; seeing how the brain came to be organized (no one would make a brain how our brains looks but makes sense from evolutionary standpoint); have old parts that do something but also have new parts that do something better; example of vision integration
Evolution key terms: “different species” , “evolve”
Examples
How did the human speech apparatus evolve?
“to what extent can different species see color
levels of anaylsis in behavioral neuroscience
(a circle)
- social level (groups of brains)
- organ level (brain)
- neural systems level: eyes and visual brain regions
- brain region level: visual cortex
- circuit level
- cellular level
- synaptic level
- molecular level (neural)
Length of capillaries to axons
Speed =
Length of capillaries (400 miles, round trip NOLA to Pensacola) to axons (100,000 miles).
Speed = 220 mph, not too fast.
We, more than other species, are able to step out of the _____, and ___ the future and ____ the past. That is a function of how our brains are ____, and we will come back to that throughout the semester.
But what that ability confers, more than anything else, in my opinion, is the ability to ____. To _____. It is human nature to ask little and big questions. One reason that I love science is that it is a system for asking and answering questions that is self-correcting. So far, one could argue, science has not got anything right. Our knowledge keeps changing. What was a law one day, is overturned the next, and on it goes.
Because science in general, and neuroscience in particular, changes so rapidly, I decided some years ago that once students learned the vocabulary of neuroscience (e.g. brain and behavior) that I would focus more on how we get our knowledge and less on the facts themselves.
We, more than other species, are able to step out of the temporal stream, and predict the future and remember the past. That is a function of how our brains are organized, and we will come back to that throughout the semester. But what that ability confers, more than anything else, in my opinion, is the ability to wonder. To ask questions. It is human nature to ask little and big questions. One reason that I love science is that it is a system for asking and answering questions that is self-correcting. So far, one could argue, science has not got anything right. Our knowledge keeps changing. What was a law one day, is overturned the next, and on it goes.
Because science in general, and neuroscience in particular, changes so rapidly, I decided some years ago that once students learned the vocabulary of neuroscience (e.g. brain and behavior) that I would focus more on how we get our knowledge and less on the facts themselves.
Interactions between psychological experience and brain states examples:
e.g. stress and psychoneuroimmunology.
nature vs nurture
Plasticity should end the debate over
Genetic vs environmental.
It is generally both.
which tract has no crosses
tectospinal tract
Reticular formation:
extensive region of brainstem beginning in medulla and extending through thalamus involved in arousal, waking.
all ____ neurons are multipolar. Most ____ are multipolar.
all motor neurons are multipolar. Most interneurons are multipolar.
Axoextracellular
has no target, no specific contact. “Anyone who will listen” neurons.
Axosynaptic neurons
Axosynaptic neurons are very important, as they modulate other connections (via increasing or decreasing strength). An example of a modulatory system is the limbic system, which does not have its own contacts but makes others more or less significance to assign salience.
The phospholipid bilayer :
The phospholipid bilayer is the core of the neuronal cell membrane and forms a barrier to water-soluble ions.
Structure and transport are accomplished :
microtubules, neurofilaments and microfilaments. Microtubule associated proteins are involved in the construction of these, for example tau and map protein.
Mitochondria are the site of cellular respiration, where____ is derived from sugars and digested proteins and fats in the cytosol. It is pulled inside the ribosome and, with O2, undergoes the Krebs cycle. The products of Krebs go through additional reactions in the cisternae (electron transport chain) in which ADP is phosphorylated to ATP. Mitochondria are also involved in cell death ; during early development they are involved in apoptosis.
Mitochondria are the site of cellular respiration, where pyruvic acid is derived from sugars and digested proteins and fats in the cytosol. It is pulled inside the ribosome and, with O2, undergoes the Krebs cycle. The products of Krebs go through additional reactions in the cisternae (electron transport chain) in which ADP is phosphorylated to ATP. Mitochondria are also involved in cell death ; during early development they are involved in apoptosis.
Translation happens :
-location
Translation happens largely but not entirely in ER – the ribosomes on it call in amino acids to order a protein
Proteins synthesized on free ribosomes are generally destined :
Proteins synthesized on the rough ER are destined to :
Proteins synthesized on free ribosomes are generally destined for the cytosol
Proteins synthesized on the rough ER are destined to be inserted in (or enclosed by) the membrane.
Golgi apparatus –
Golgi apparatus – stacks of membrane-lined canals involved in the packaging of proteins in vesicles for transport or discharge, as in the case of neurotransmitters
t’s a protein’s _____ that determines parts of a molecule accessible by others– exactly the way many proteins work such that if environment changes, different parts may be exposed; a reactive section previously hidden may now be accessible & cause many events
t’s a protein’s tertiary structure that determines parts of a molecule accessible by others– exactly the way many proteins work such that if environment changes, different parts may be exposed; a reactive section previously hidden may now be accessible & cause many events
motor proteins
Kinesin and dynein, the prototypes of microtubule motor proteins, move along microtubules in opposite directions—kinesin toward the plus end and dynein toward the minus end
