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Rad Lecture > Ch. 18 Urinary System Lecture Notes > Flashcards

Ch. 18 Urinary System Lecture Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What is included in the urinary system?

A
  • 2 kidneys
  • 2 ureters
  • Urinary bladder
  • Urethra
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2
Q

What are the functions of the kidneys?

A
  • Remove waste products from the blood (1-2 liters of urine excreted each)
  • Maintain fluid and electrolyte balance
  • Secrete substances that affect blood pressure
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3
Q

What is the left kidney like compared to the right?

A

The left kidney is slightly longer and narrower

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4
Q

How will the kidneys sit when the patient is upright?

A

2” lower

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5
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

Behind the peritoneum (retroperitoneum)

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6
Q

How do the kidneys lie?

A

In an oblique plane 30 degrees anteriorly toward the aorta.

Extend from about T12-L3 in sthenic patients

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7
Q

What is the renal capsule?

A

The outer covering

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8
Q

What is the renal cortex?

A

The outer layer of the renal tissue

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9
Q

What is the renal medulla?

A

The inner layer of renal tissue. They are composed of renal pyramids.

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10
Q

What is the nephron?

A

The essential microscopic component of the kidney.

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11
Q

What does the nephron consist of?

A
  • Renal corpuscle

- Renal tubule

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12
Q

What does the renal corpuscle consist of?

A
  • Glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule)

- Glomerulus

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13
Q

What does the glomerulus contain?

A

A cluster of blood capillaries within the capsule that unite to form a single vessel leaving the capsule

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14
Q

What is the function of the glomerulus?

A

Filter for blood, allowing fine particles and water to pass into the capsule

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15
Q

What are the calyces?

A

Cup-shaped stems in the center of each kidney that receive urine from the collecting ducts (urine draining branch)
-Minor calyces unite to form major calyces

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16
Q

The major calyces unite to form what?

A

The renal pelvis

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17
Q

Where does the renal pelvis lie?

A

Within the hilum

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18
Q

What is the hilum in the kidney?

A

The concave medial border of the kidney where blood vessels and ureters exit

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19
Q

Where are the suprarenal kidneys and what do they secrete?

A

Superior to the kidneys and they secrete epinephrine

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20
Q

How long are the ureters?

Where are they located and where do they enter?

A

10-12”

They are located behind the peritoneum and enter the posterolateral surface of the bladder

21
Q

How much can the adult bladder hold and where is it located?

A

500 mL

It is located immediately posterior and superior to the pubic symphysis

22
Q

What is the trigone?

A

A triangular area of the bladder base between three openings

  • two for the ureters
  • one for the urethra
23
Q

What is the function of the urethra?
How long is it in:
-females
-males

A

Conveys urine out of the body

  • 1.5” in females
  • 7 to 8” in females
24
Q

What is antegrade filling technique?

A

Contrast enters the kidneys in normal direction of blood flow, usually injected into a vein.
-IVU, Radiographs taken of kidneys, ureters, and bladder

25
Q

What is retrograde filling technique?

A

Contrast is introduced against the normal flow.
The patient is usually catheterized and contrast is introduced into the bladder.
Commonly used for bladder, lower ureters, and urethra.
-cystography

26
Q

What is the concentration of iodine in ionic contrast?

A

50-70%

27
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of nonionic contrast:

A
  • Less likely to cause an adverse reaction

- More expensive

28
Q

Common reactions to contrast media:

A
  • Feeling of warmth
  • Flushing
  • Hives (urticaria)
29
Q

Occasional reactions to contrast media:

A
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Edema of respiratory mucous membranes
30
Q

Severe reactions to contrast media:

A

Anaphylactic shock, organ failure, system failure, bronchospasm

  • May be life threatening
  • Emergency equipment and medication must be readily available (Radiologist must always be available for procedure)
31
Q

Most reactions occur within how many minutes post injection?

A

Within 5 minutes

32
Q

Patient preparation for IVU/antegrade:

A
  • Low residue diet for 1-2 days before exam
  • Light eveing meal day before exam
  • Non gas forming laxative, when indicated, day before exam
  • Nothing by mouth after midnight day of exam
33
Q

Patient preparation for retrograde:

A
  • Patient should drink 4-5 cups of water several hours before exam
  • No prep is usually required for exams of lower urinary tract
34
Q

When are ureteral compression bands contraindicated?

A

Contraindicated in patients with:

  • Urinary stones
  • Abdominal mass
  • Aneurysm
  • Colostomy
  • Traumatic injury
  • Recent abdominal surgery
35
Q

What is intravenous urography (IVU) also known as? What does it demonstrate?

A

Excretory urography

Demonstrates the structure and function of the kidneys (parenchyma)

36
Q

Urolithiasis:

A

Stones of the urinary tract or kidneys

37
Q

Pyelonephritis:

A

Infection of the upper urinary tract

38
Q

Hydronephrosis:

A

Abnormal dilation of pelvicaliceal system

39
Q

Contraindication for intravenous urography:

A
  • Ability of the kidneys to filter contrast medium from the blood
  • In cases of renal failure or anuria
  • Patient’s allergic history
40
Q

Contrast appears in the kidneys after how long post injection?

A

2-8 minutes

41
Q

The greatest concentration of contrast appears how long post injection?

A

15-20 minutes

42
Q

Most common radiographs for IVU examinations are AP projections at time intervals ranging from ___ to ____ minutes.

A

3-20 minutes

43
Q

AP oblique projections in 30 degree posterior oblique positions often taken at ___ to ____ intervals.

A

5-10 minutes

44
Q

Normal BUN level:

A

10-20 mg/dL

45
Q

Normal creatanine level:

A

0.6-1.2 mg/100mL

46
Q

What is infiltration or extravasation and what is the most common cause of it?

A

When fluid has entered tissues instead of a vein. Happens when needle is displaced.

47
Q

What are symptoms of infiltration?

A
  • Swelling
  • Redness
  • Burning
  • Pain
48
Q

How do you treat infiltration?

A
  • Apply ice within 30 minutes of occurrence

- Apply warmth if more than 30 minutes since occurrence

49
Q

What are the 5 rights of medication administration?

A
  • Right patient
  • Right medication
  • Right route
  • Right amount
  • Right time

Rad Lecture (6 decks)

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