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Rad Lecture > Ch. 18 Urinary System Lecture Notes > Flashcards

Ch. 18 Urinary System Lecture Notes Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

What is included in the urinary system?

A
  • 2 kidneys
  • 2 ureters
  • Urinary bladder
  • Urethra
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2
Q

What are the functions of the kidneys?

A
  • Remove waste products from the blood (1-2 liters of urine excreted each)
  • Maintain fluid and electrolyte balance
  • Secrete substances that affect blood pressure
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3
Q

What is the left kidney like compared to the right?

A

The left kidney is slightly longer and narrower

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4
Q

How will the kidneys sit when the patient is upright?

A

2” lower

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5
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

Behind the peritoneum (retroperitoneum)

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6
Q

How do the kidneys lie?

A

In an oblique plane 30 degrees anteriorly toward the aorta.

Extend from about T12-L3 in sthenic patients

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7
Q

What is the renal capsule?

A

The outer covering

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8
Q

What is the renal cortex?

A

The outer layer of the renal tissue

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9
Q

What is the renal medulla?

A

The inner layer of renal tissue. They are composed of renal pyramids.

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10
Q

What is the nephron?

A

The essential microscopic component of the kidney.

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11
Q

What does the nephron consist of?

A
  • Renal corpuscle

- Renal tubule

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12
Q

What does the renal corpuscle consist of?

A
  • Glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule)

- Glomerulus

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13
Q

What does the glomerulus contain?

A

A cluster of blood capillaries within the capsule that unite to form a single vessel leaving the capsule

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14
Q

What is the function of the glomerulus?

A

Filter for blood, allowing fine particles and water to pass into the capsule

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15
Q

What are the calyces?

A

Cup-shaped stems in the center of each kidney that receive urine from the collecting ducts (urine draining branch)
-Minor calyces unite to form major calyces

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16
Q

The major calyces unite to form what?

A

The renal pelvis

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17
Q

Where does the renal pelvis lie?

A

Within the hilum

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18
Q

What is the hilum in the kidney?

A

The concave medial border of the kidney where blood vessels and ureters exit

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19
Q

Where are the suprarenal kidneys and what do they secrete?

A

Superior to the kidneys and they secrete epinephrine

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20
Q

How long are the ureters?

Where are they located and where do they enter?

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A

10-12”

They are located behind the peritoneum and enter the posterolateral surface of the bladder

21
Q

How much can the adult bladder hold and where is it located?

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A

500 mL

It is located immediately posterior and superior to the pubic symphysis

22
Q

What is the trigone?

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A

A triangular area of the bladder base between three openings

  • two for the ureters
  • one for the urethra
23
Q

What is the function of the urethra?
How long is it in:
-females
-males

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A

Conveys urine out of the body

  • 1.5” in females
  • 7 to 8” in females
24
Q

What is antegrade filling technique?

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A

Contrast enters the kidneys in normal direction of blood flow, usually injected into a vein.
-IVU, Radiographs taken of kidneys, ureters, and bladder

25
What is retrograde filling technique?
Contrast is introduced against the normal flow. The patient is usually catheterized and contrast is introduced into the bladder. Commonly used for bladder, lower ureters, and urethra. -cystography
26
What is the concentration of iodine in ionic contrast?
50-70%
27
Advantage and disadvantage of nonionic contrast:
- Less likely to cause an adverse reaction | - More expensive
28
Common reactions to contrast media:
- Feeling of warmth - Flushing - Hives (urticaria)
29
Occasional reactions to contrast media:
- Nausea - Vomiting - Edema of respiratory mucous membranes
30
Severe reactions to contrast media:
Anaphylactic shock, organ failure, system failure, bronchospasm - May be life threatening - Emergency equipment and medication must be readily available (Radiologist must always be available for procedure)
31
Most reactions occur within how many minutes post injection?
Within 5 minutes
32
Patient preparation for IVU/antegrade:
- Low residue diet for 1-2 days before exam - Light eveing meal day before exam - Non gas forming laxative, when indicated, day before exam - Nothing by mouth after midnight day of exam
33
Patient preparation for retrograde:
- Patient should drink 4-5 cups of water several hours before exam - No prep is usually required for exams of lower urinary tract
34
When are ureteral compression bands contraindicated?
Contraindicated in patients with: - Urinary stones - Abdominal mass - Aneurysm - Colostomy - Traumatic injury - Recent abdominal surgery
35
What is intravenous urography (IVU) also known as? What does it demonstrate?
Excretory urography | Demonstrates the structure and function of the kidneys (parenchyma)
36
Urolithiasis:
Stones of the urinary tract or kidneys
37
Pyelonephritis:
Infection of the upper urinary tract
38
Hydronephrosis:
Abnormal dilation of pelvicaliceal system
39
Contraindication for intravenous urography:
- Ability of the kidneys to filter contrast medium from the blood - In cases of renal failure or anuria - Patient's allergic history
40
Contrast appears in the kidneys after how long post injection?
2-8 minutes
41
The greatest concentration of contrast appears how long post injection?
15-20 minutes
42
Most common radiographs for IVU examinations are AP projections at time intervals ranging from ___ to ____ minutes.
3-20 minutes
43
AP oblique projections in 30 degree posterior oblique positions often taken at ___ to ____ intervals.
5-10 minutes
44
Normal BUN level:
10-20 mg/dL
45
Normal creatanine level:
0.6-1.2 mg/100mL
46
What is infiltration or extravasation and what is the most common cause of it?
When fluid has entered tissues instead of a vein. Happens when needle is displaced.
47
What are symptoms of infiltration?
- Swelling - Redness - Burning - Pain
48
How do you treat infiltration?
- Apply ice within 30 minutes of occurrence | - Apply warmth if more than 30 minutes since occurrence
49
What are the 5 rights of medication administration?
- Right patient - Right medication - Right route - Right amount - Right time

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