Ch 19 Exam 4 Flashcards
(58 cards)
immune (broad definition)
being resistant to infection/subsequent diseases
give an example of an individual that’s passively resistant resulting in immunity
dogs immune to HIV since they lack the required cell surface receptors
immune (immunological definition)
the ability of one’s body to detect microbes and prevent it from causing disease
sterile immunity
non-sterile immunity
an immune response that results in the complete removal of a pathogen
an immune response that prevents an infection from causing a disease, but does not clear it
Give an example of non-sterile and sterile immunity
NON-sterile = Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Sterile = Influenza
innate immunity
adaptive immunity
first line of immune defense (non-discriminatory)
immune defense acquired after exposure to foreign invader (remembers foreign invaders to prevent disease
why is the skin important relative to the immune system?
a barrier that prevents microbial invasion within the body
typically acidic pH of about 5.0
covered in stratum corneum (cell armor)
skin oil inhibits a lot of microbes
sweat glands deposit NaCl/lysozyme; degrades bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan
epithelial cells with tight cell junctions are under
desquamination (shedding) rids skin of pathogens
(competitive expulsion) microbes on our skin compete for space making it difficult for pathogens to come in
mucosal membranes
body’s internal surfaces lined with epithelium (mucus coated)
mucus
reduces contact microbes and epithelium by coating membrane surface
mucociliary clearance
What is the intestinal version of this (since in is not lined with ciliary epithelium)
the process of unique ciliated epithelial cells beating cilia to physically move trapped particles/mucus out of passages
peristalsis
antimicrobial peptides
secreted by epithelial cells, disrupt microbial membranes, which result in gaps/pores
True or False: Competitive exclusion does not occur on mucosal surfaces
False
What may limiting the availability of FREE iron do to the body
cause a bacteriostatic effect (stop/ inhibit bacterial growth)
Why do cells keep iron in chemically bound form (like hemoglobin, Ferrin, transferrin, and lactoferrin) than free?
free iron may influence the synthesis of dangerous free radicals/ susceptibility to infection
inflammation
immune response to harmful stimuli
results in the activation of cells that repair/defend damaged/infected site
proinflammatory molecules
What types are secreted during infection
elicit inflammation and attract cells to the site of damage/ infection
cytokines
give examples of cytokines
“tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interferons (IFNs)”
what are the processes involved in the start of an inflammatory response
1.) inc. cell permeability
2.)vasodilation (inc. in diameter of blood vessels
3. extravasation (the movement of cells/molecules from blood vessels to tissues)
What do phagocytes do and release to attract more cells to the area?
specialized leukocytes that swallow and destroy microbes (like interleukin 8 (IL-8))
How does a fever occur? Why does this happen?
“cytokines IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α” work on the hypothalamus to cause this
restricts the growth of many pathogens to allow the immune system to clear them
in what case does inflammation work in favor of the body
when it is localized to the infection site
systemic inflammatory response
how may it occur
what does it result in
when inflammation is widespread rather than one particular area (chemical signals that are excessively released)
body shock; a huge drop in blood pressure and excessive circulatory system fluid leak (results in vital organ damage, and death in many cases)
if microbe escapes initial inflammatory site and goes to other places in body (like bloodstream
septic shock
toxic shock
systemic inflammatory response caused by widespread presence of bacteria in the body
systemic inflammatory response caused by exotoxins that trigger the immune system
“Injection of large amounts of either of which cytokines in animal models have shown they can induce clinical signs of septic shock in the absence of infection”
“IL-1 and TNF-α”
