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Microbiology 340 > Ch18 Exam 4 > Flashcards

Ch18 Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

disease

A

a disturbance in the normal functioning of an organism

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2
Q

infectious disease

A

any disease caused by a microbe

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3
Q

communicable diseases
What is the opposite called? (easy)

A

infectious diseases that can be transmitted between individuals

non-communicable diseases

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4
Q

contagious disease

A

a communicable disease that can be transmitted easily

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5
Q

What types of diseases are:
Tetanus
AIDS
measles
How are they all alike?

A

non-communicable
communicable
contagious
All are infectious diseases (caused by microbes)

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6
Q

zoonotic diseases
(give an example)

A

caused by microbes naturally in animals that cause disease when transmitted to humans

rabies

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7
Q

pathogen
pathogenesis
infection

A

a microbe that causes disease
the way in which a pathogen causes disease
the replication of a pathogen in/on a host

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8
Q

symptoms
signs

A

disease state apparent to the patient (difficult to quantify)
disease state noticed by an outside party

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9
Q

Primary pathogens
Opportunistic pathogens

A

produce disease readily anytime (like “Bacillus anthracis”/”Yersinia pestis”)

cause disease only under certain circumstances (like “Candida albicans” in a WEAKENED immune system)

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10
Q

People with HIV disease represents the largest group of people with ____________.

A

weakened immune systems

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11
Q

Is poliovirus an opportunistic or primary pathogen?

A

primary

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12
Q

case to infection (CI) ratio

A

the number of people infected that develop the disease

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13
Q

What is the CI ratio of :
Measles?
Poliovirus?

A

.95 (95% of people with the measles virus will develop the disease)

<.01 (less than 1% of people infected will develop the disease)

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14
Q

pathogenicity
virulence

What is the pathogenicity of species in the:
Shigella genus?
Salmonella genus?

A

The ability of a microbe to cause disease (measurement)
The intensity of the disease caused by the microbe

high pathogenicity (the ingestion of a few cells can cause disease)
low pathogenicity (ingestion of 1000s of cells causes disease)

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15
Q

Give an example of a strain with high virulence

A

1918 strain of influenza

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16
Q

What may account for differences in virulence?

Can the virulence of one pathogenic species to another be compared? Why/Why not?

A

genetic differences between strains of a pathogen

Not really, diseases that cause different symptoms, make it hard to figure out which is more serious or not (page 628)

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17
Q

attenuation

A

decrease in the virulence of a pathogen

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18
Q

What provides more accurate/objective measures of virulence?

A

The LD50 (amount of pathogen/toxin that kills about 50% of test subjects)

The ID50 (amount of pathogen/toxin that infects about 50% of test subjects)

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19
Q

What is the LD50 of the Tetanus Toxin?
Vibrio cholerae?

What does this indicate

A

about 0.001 μg kg−1
about 250 μg kg−1
(Tetanus toxin is 250,00 times more potent; lower values = higher potency)

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20
Q

carrier

A

one that becomes infected but shows no symptoms (and may transmit to others); asymptomatic

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21
Q

how to microbes cause disease (generally)

A

(1) entry in host
attachment/invasion of specific cells
evade host defenses
obtain nutrients from host
leave the host
(like a robber coming to steal and dipping)

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22
Q

virulence factors

A

products that boosts the ability of a pathogen to cause disease

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23
Q

what determines the host range of a pathogen?
what can alter this?
(give an example)

A

the ability to attach, invade, and replicate within a host
molecular changes in the pathogen

canine parvoviruses (CPV2a & CPV2b)

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24
Q

antigenic variation

A

a host immune system evasion mechanism; pathogen alters surface antigens so as to prevent host recognition;

thus the avoidance of elimination

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25
latent infection When does reactivation occur? What type of virus does this
the genome/micobr is present within the cells but does not produce new virions (if so, very few) when host experiences some cellular stress herpes virus
26
autophagy
the induction of cell death by the host to limit virus spread, though intracellular degradatipn
27
apoptosis
induction of cell death by host, resulting in cell suicide through DNA fragmentation
28
necrosis
host-induced cell death that results in cell rupture/ release of toxic cell contents causing more damage/ inflammation (unlike apoptosis quietly dying) this occurs when cells are injured by structural damage/ loss of oxygen (due to trauma/ infection)
29
What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis?
Necrosis causes collateral damage to other healthy cells
30
What do viruses commonly do relative to apoptosis to ensure virions are produced?
prevent apoptosis early in infection cycle induce apoptosis late in infection cycle OR infection through apoptotic body formation
31
restriction-modification system What can pathogens do to evade this system
methylation (adding methyl groups) of host DNA to avoid self-cleavage by restriction enzymes ` unmethylated DNA OF Invading pathogens may be cleaved and degraded by host restriction enzymes inhibit host cell inhibition enzymes methylated DNA prior to cleavage
32
CRISPR-Cas
an adaptive immune system existing in most bacteria/ archaea, preventing infection the system allows researchers to alter DNA
33
Cas9 Cas13
(protein most used by researchers) targets dsDNA targets RNA
34
toxins what component of gram+ bacteria can act as a toxin gram-?
substances produced by an organism that damage the host lipoteichoic acid lipopolysaccharide
35
Do viruses produce toxins? If not, how so?
Generally not, they usually replicate within a cell
36
For a pathogen to survive, what must they do? Why?
They must successfully transmit to other hosts, or other environments (as hosts eventually die)
37
transmission
the spread of an infectious agent from its source to a new host
38
direct transmission indirect transmission
the spread of an infectious agent via physical contact between infected and susceptible individuals the spread via other objects like water, food, etc.
39
fomite
a contaminated inanimate object capable of spreading pathogens
40
fecal-oral transmission airborne/aerosol transmission
transmission in which pathogens excreted in feces of one individual is ingested by another pathogens that replicate in the respiratory tract transmitted
41
vector-borne transmission mechanical transmission biological transmission
an arthropod vector (like a mosquito/tick) carries a pathogen from one host to another a type of transmission that involves a vector PHYSICALLY carrying pathogen (the vector does not get infected) vector borne transmission where that vector gets infected
42
sexual transmission STIs
transmission that occurs through vaginal/anal/oral sex sexually transmitted infections - infectious diseases spread through sex (like HIV)
43
vertical transmission horizontal transmssion
transmission that occurs from parent to child (what HIV can do) transmission that occurs amongst members of a species
44
zoonotic transfers reservoir host dead-end-hosts
transmission from an animal reservoir host to a human species that a pathogen usually infects incidental hosts for zoonotic transfers (not efficiently transferred from person to person) (like H5N1 influenza)
45
epidemiology
the study of disease patterns in populations (like cancer, obesity, genetic diseases, etc.)
46
morbidity rate mortality rate
rate of disease rate or death associated with diseases (these rates are investigated by epidemiologists)
47
a case how are asymptomatic individuals identified as a case?
an individual that exhibits the disease/ infected but may/may not be showing signs/symptoms through PCR, culture, or ELISA (diagnostic testing)
48
incidence prevalence Which is larger? WHY?
# of new cases appearing in a population during a SPECIFIC time period total # of cases in a population at a particular point in time/ during a particular time period prevalence since it includes both new/ preexisting cases
49
What do measures of incidence and prevalence show?
tell the level of infectious disease in a population allow comparisons between populations over time
50
emerging diseases emerging pathogens
known/unknown diseases with a recent significant increase in incidence pathogens associated with emerging diseases
51
endemic diseases/agents
one that is consistently present in a specific population (like rabies in North American foxes) incidence can decrease/ increase depending on seasons, immunity, etc.
52
epidemic outbreak
incidence of a disease that significantly rises above normally expected for a population An unexpected cluster of cases within a short period of time in a localized population (to terms may be used interchangeably)
53
pandemic
an epidemic affecting populations globally at the same time (concurrently) made up of (interpandemic, alert, pandemic, and transition phase)
54
T or F: cases of infectious diseases occur randomly.
False; they occur in patterns
55
common source epidemic
an outbreak that occurs when the single source that infects the population is exposed
56
incubation period
the period in which the pathogen enters and the illness appears
57
T or F: Cases in common source epidemics tend to remain isolated NEAR the local source of infection
True
58
propagated epidemic (page 647)
an outbreak that results from infection passing from one host to another indirectly or directly (like from COVID-19)
59
What is the common trend of propagated outbreaks
and increase in incidence as people are getting infected, until reaching a peak, where a good amount of people are infected, immune, or dead
60
What is the difference between a common source epidemic (CSE) and a propagated epidemic (PE)
PEs continue to appear in more than one incubation period (as infected people spread to others, the case #s ^)
61
What doesn't epidemiology allow us to determine
Whether a specific microbe has a specific disease (only how infections spread through a population)
62
Koch's postulates
demonstrates that a specific microbe causes a specific disease
63
According to Rob Koch, what criteria should be met to prove a microbe causes a disease?
1. the microbe exists in every individual with the disease and account for signs/symptoms 2. should not be associated with other diseases 3. should cause same disease after being isolated
64
Warren/Marshal
got nobel prize for proving stomach ulcers are caused by H. pylori
65
What did Koch observe relative to pathogens and individuals?
Not all individuals react to pathogens in the same way
66
molecular Koch's postulates
by Stanley Farklow virulence factor gene (VGF) should be present/ expressed inactivation of VGF should = decreased virulance reversion of VGF = virulence restoration VGF should be expressed during an infection resistance to VF must have protection
67
pathogenicity islands (PAIs)
regions of chromosome that contain virulence factor genes
68
T or F: Evolutionary pressure, it appears, has selected for the linkage of these individual virulence factor genes into a cohesive genetic structure
True
69
How may an emerging/ new disease arise?
zoonotic transfer microbe becomes more virulent pathogen becomes resistant to antimicrobial drugs
70
spillover
when an existing pathogen encounters a new population
71
SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus)
HIV evolved from this, a virus found in various non-human primates throughout Africa
72
clades
genetically distinct subtype of a species
73
What causes Lyme disease?
the bacterium Borrelia burgdoferi

Microbiology 340 (16 decks)

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